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Thymosin beta-4
Snapshot captured 2026-09-23 — Published content materially edited
Overview
Thymosin beta-4 is an endogenous peptide studied in actin-related biology and experimental tissue repair. It should be distinguished from marketed products or fragments such as TB-500, which may differ in identity and evidence.
Evidence quality
WPF’s atlas contains mechanistic and preclinical work, including a rat tendon-healing study involving TB-500, as well as research on product purity. Animal or material-science findings do not demonstrate clinical benefit in people, and the identity of a marketed sample cannot be assumed from its label.
Safety concerns
No published source-linked citations or jurisdiction-specific regulatory records are attached here. Biological plausibility, animal healing signals, and product-marketing claims do not establish human efficacy or safety.
Citations as of this version
- Decidualization-empowered ECM hydrogel integrating sustained Tβ4 release drives endometrial regeneration in intrauterine adhesions. (2026)
- Reparative Outcomes in Corneal Infection: Linking Adjunctive Tβ4 Treatment to Nerve Regeneration and Visual Function. (2026)
- Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing. (2025)
- Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution. (2025)
- Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway. (2025)
- Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals. (2025)
- Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway. (2025)
- Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-induced keratitis. (2024)
- Upregulated Tβ4 expression in inflammatory bowel disease impairs the intestinal mucus barrier by inhibiting autophagy in mice. (2024)
- Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. (2023)
- Detection and quantification of the metabolite Ac-Tβ<sub>1-14</sub> in in vitro experiments and urine of rats treated with Ac-Tβ4: A potential biomarker of Ac-Tβ4 for doping tests. (2023)
- A Novel Combination Therapy Tβ4/VIP Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. (2023)
- Targeted heart repair by Tβ4-loaded cardiac-resident macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles modified with monocyte membranes. (2023)
- Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies. (2023)
- Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals. (2023)
- Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer. (2022)
- Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells. (2022)
- Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 counter-regulates thymosin beta-4 expression and primary cilium formation for HeLa cervical cancer cell survival. (2022)
- Recombinant Human Thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) Modulates the Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC)-Induced Dry Eye Disease. (2022)
- The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis. (2022)
- Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study. (2021)
- Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm delivery. (2021)
- Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced tumor growth is regulated by primary cilium formation via the axis of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production-thymosin beta-4 gene expression. (2021)
- Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Corneal Infection. (2021)
- Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences MΦ Effector Cell Function to Improve Disease Outcome in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Keratitis. (2021)
- Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis. (2021)
- Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta-4 Protects against Mouse Coronavirus Infection. (2021)
- Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies. (2021)
- In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening using quantitative PCR identifies thymosin beta-4 X-linked that promotes diffuse-type gastric cancer metastasis. (2021)
- Circular RNA PIP5K1A (circPIP5K1A) accelerates endometriosis progression by regulating the miR-153-3p/Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked (TMSB4X) pathway. (2021)
- Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Induced Keratitis. (2020)
- Transplantation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Obese Diabetic Rats Following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Thymosin Beta-4. (2020)
- Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/ microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application. (2020)
- Highly effective biosynthesis of N-acetylated human thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in Escherichia coli. (2018)
- Expression and localisation of thymosin beta-4 in the developing human early fetal heart. (2018)
- No effect of thymosin beta-4 on the expression of the transcription factor Islet-1 in the adult murine heart. (2018)
- Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations. (2018)
- Tβ4-overexpression based on the piggyBac transposon system in cashmere goats alters hair fiber characteristics. (2017)
- Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry. (2017)
- Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. (2017)
- Thymosin beta-4 regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells via hedgehog signaling. (2017)
- Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. (2017)
- Function of Thymosin Beta-4 in Ethanol-Induced Microglial Activation (2016)
- A thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis. (2016)
- Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. (2016)
- Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth. (2015)
- Expression of thymosin beta-4 in human periodontal ligament cells and mouse periodontal tissue and its role in osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation. (2015)
- MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer. (2015)
- Hypoxia/reoxygenation-experienced cancer cell migration and metastasis are regulated by Rap1- and Rac1-GTPase activation via the expression of thymosin beta-4. (2015)
- Thymosin Beta-4 Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Enhances Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation and Reduces Cell Apoptosis and Senescence. (2015)
- In vivo growth suppression of CT-26 mouse colorectal cancer cells by adenovirus-expressed small hairpin RNA specifically targeting thymosin beta-4 mRNA. (2014)
- The actin-sequestering protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel target of hypoxia-inducible nitric oxide and HIF-1α regulation. (2014)
- Thymosin beta-4 knockdown in IEC-6 normal intestinal epithelial cells induces DNA re-replication via downregulating Emi1. (2014)
- Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer. (2013)
- Multiple functional involvement of thymosin beta-4 in tooth germ development. (2013)
- Cellular trafficking of thymosin beta-4 in HEPG2 cells following serum starvation. (2013)
- Thymosin beta-4 promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via an interleukin-8-dependent mechanism. (2013)
- Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by thymosin beta-4 is associated with gastric cancer cell migration. (2012)
- Protection of thymosin beta-4 on corneal endothelial cells from UVB-induced apoptosis. (2010)
- Effect of toll-like receptor activation on thymosin beta-4 production by chicken macrophages. (2010)
- Thymosin beta-4 directs cell fate determination of human mesenchymal stem cells through biophysical effects. (2010)
- Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, induces paclitaxel resistance through ROS/HIF-1α stabilization in HeLa human cervical tumor cells (2010)
- Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, is a novel hypoxia responsive regulator. (2010)
- Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 alpha stabilization by actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4 (TB4) in Hela cervical tumor cells. (2008)
- Thymosin beta-4 upregulates anti-oxidative enzymes and protects human cornea epithelial cells against oxidative damage (2008)
- Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors. (2007)
- Identification and characterization of thymosin beta-4 in chicken macrophages using whole cell MALDI-TOF. (2007)
- Selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce thymosin beta-4 and alter actin cytoskeletal organization in human colorectal cancer cells. (2004)
- Expression of thymosin beta-4 and related genes in developing human brain (1992)
- Possibility of HIV gp41 and thymosin beta-4 sharing the same antigenic epitope (1989)
Regulatory status as of this version
- United States — FDA: not_approved
- European Union — EMA: not_approved
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