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Experience 2.0

Endogenous peptide

Thymosin beta-4

Thymosin beta-4 is an endogenous peptide studied in actin-related biology and experimental tissue repair. It should be distinguished from marketed products or fragments such as TB-500, which may differ in identity and evidence.

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Traceability partial

Last meaningful update: 9/26/2026

Evidence searched through:
Not recorded
Assessment updated:
9/26/2026
Documented human review:
No documented human review recorded
Automated scientific assessment:
None recorded
AI source check:
9/26/2026

Published source links and profile text pass separate gates. Only a documented human review is labelled as human review; an automated scientific assessment applies deterministic checks, and an AI source check confirms only that a source exists and matches its identifiers. A source count alone does not establish a review.

Evidence coverage has three distinct layers. The corpus count is a transparent screening inventory, the featured set contains study-level tiering and interpretation, and the published-source count contains records promoted through the institutional publication workflow. Source validation, editorial publication, and scientific appraisal are separate decisions; these numbers must not be merged.

Ranked research corpus

500

Categorized publications with provisional ranking; scientific review remains separate.

Featured tiered studies

0

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Research domains

6

Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.

Published source records

72

Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.

Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled so screening is not represented as completed review.

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n ≥ 20 eligible observations

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Ranked research corpus

500

Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.

Research domains

6

Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.

Published source records

72

Source records published through the governed workflow; this count does not certify scientific conclusions.

Contradictions

0

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Research gaps

1

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Connected media

0

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Reconciled domain conclusions

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

Thymosin beta-4 no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded synthesis, confidence level, evidence context, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps. Publication of these syntheses is separate from the scientific review status shown above.

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Inspect the published evidence record72 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓
2021Observational human evidence

Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study." Abstract excerpt: Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, associated with high risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) and in-hospital mortality. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering protein that can prevent inflammation in several tissues. Thus, we studied the role of Tβ4 in sepsis. The Tβ4 concentrations were prospectively measured in 191 patients within 6 h of the intensiv

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108167
PubMed
34607232
Open original source
2018Observational human evidence

Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an endogenous peptide with protective and regenerative effects in models of cellular and organ injury. TB4 is increasingly measured as a potential plasma or serum biomarker in human cardiovascular, liver, infectious, and autoimmune disease. The focus of this review is the quantification of TB4 in clinical cohort studies and whether reported TB4 concentrations differ with r

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1080/14712598.2018.1448382
PubMed
29502471
Open original source
2017Observational human evidence

Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an X-linked gene product with cardioprotective properties. Little is known about plasma concentration of TB4 in heart failure (HF), and its relationship with other cardiovascular biomarkers. We sought to evaluate circulating TB4 in HF patients with preserved (HFpEF) or reduced (HFrEF) ejection fraction compared to non-HF controls. TB4 was measured using a liquid chromatogr

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1161/jaha.117.005586
PubMed
28611096
Open original source
2017Observational human evidence

Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a protein that is linked to a number of important biological actions and recently tumor progression and poor prognosis of some tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate Tβ4 expression in gastric GISTs and correlate with some clinicopathological characteristics related with prognosis and clinical outcome in order to add further data to the current literature

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.prp.2017.07.005
PubMed
28756979
Open original source
2015Animal research

Hypoxia/reoxygenation-experienced cancer cell migration and metastasis are regulated by Rap1- and Rac1-GTPase activation via the expression of thymosin beta-4.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Hypoxia/reoxygenation-experienced cancer cell migration and metastasis are regulated by Rap1- and Rac1-GTPase activation via the expression of thymosin beta-4." Abstract excerpt: Signaling by small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPase), Rap1/Rac1, is one of the major pathways controlling cancer cell migration and tumor metastasis. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), an actin-sequestering protein, has been shown to increase migration of cancer cells. Episodes of hypoxia and re-oxygenation (H/R) are an important phenomenon in tumor microenvironment (TME). We investigated whether T&#x3

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.18632/oncotarget.3218
PubMed
25888632
Open original source
2013Animal research

Cellular trafficking of thymosin beta-4 in HEPG2 cells following serum starvation.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Cellular trafficking of thymosin beta-4 in HEPG2 cells following serum starvation." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an ubiquitous multi-functional regenerative peptide, related to many critical biological processes, with a dynamic and flexible conformation which may influence its functions and its subcellular distribution. For these reasons, the intracellular localization and trafficking of Tβ4 is still not completely defined and is still under investigation in in vivo as we

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0067999
PubMed
23967050
Open original source
2025Animal research

Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals." Abstract excerpt: Although a myocardial infarction occurs roughly every minute in the U.S. alone, medical research has yet to unlock the key to fully enabling post-hypoxic myocardial regeneration. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), a short, secreted peptide, was shown to possess a beneficial impact regarding myocardial cell survival, coronary re-growth and progenitor cell activation following myocardial infarction in adult mam

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/ijms26094131
PubMed
40362372
Open original source
2021Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm delivery.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm delivery." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta 4 (TB4) is the most abundant member of the beta-thymosin family in humans. The main physiological role of TB4 is the regulation of actin polymerization. TB4 is also involved in angiogenesis, cell survival, cell migration and fetal development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of TB4 as a fetal growth promoter when administered during pregnancy. Our protocols have be

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.26355/eurrev_202101_24411
PubMed
33506933
Open original source
2017Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells via hedgehog signaling.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells via hedgehog signaling." Abstract excerpt: The molecular mechanisms of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) involved in regulating hepatic stellate cell (HSC) functions remain unclear. Therefore, we hypothesize that TB4 influences HSC activation through hedgehog (Hh) pathway. HSC functions declined in a TB4 siRNA-treated LX-2. TB4 suppression down-regulated both integrin linked kinase (ILK), an activator of smoothened, and phosphorylated glycogen synthas

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-03782-x
PubMed
28630423
Open original source
2016Animal research

A thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "A thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with multiple and diverse intracellular and extracellular functions in vertebrates. In this study, the full-length cDNA of Tβ4 was cloned and identified in Crassostrea hongkongensis, designated as ChTβ4. The full-length cDNA of ChTβ4 consists of 530 bp with an open reading frame of 126 bp encoding a 41 amino acid polyp

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.007
PubMed
26695126
Open original source
2018Animal research

No effect of thymosin beta-4 on the expression of the transcription factor Islet-1 in the adult murine heart.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "No effect of thymosin beta-4 on the expression of the transcription factor Islet-1 in the adult murine heart." Abstract excerpt: The transcription factor Islet-1 marks a progenitor cell population of the second heart field during cardiogenesis. In the adult heart Islet-1 expression is limited to the sinoatrial node, the ventricular outflow tract, and parasympathetic ganglia. The regenerative effect in the injured mouse ventricle of thymosin beta-4 (TB4), a 43-aminoacid peptide, was associated with increased Islet-1 immunost

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/prp2.407
PubMed
29864245
Open original source
2010Animal research

Protection of thymosin beta-4 on corneal endothelial cells from UVB-induced apoptosis.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Protection of thymosin beta-4 on corneal endothelial cells from UVB-induced apoptosis." Abstract excerpt: Cornea absorbs most of daily ultraviolet (UV) light. An excess of UV damages results in not only keratopathy and cataract but also maculopathy. It has been reported that thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta4) promotes wound healing, decreases inflammatory response and prevents apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells. However, it is not clear whether Tbeta4 protects UVB-induced corneal injury, particularly in corn

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.4077/cjp.2010.amh091
PubMed
21793328
Open original source
2023Animal research

Detection and quantification of the metabolite Ac-Tβ<sub>1-14</sub> in in vitro experiments and urine of rats treated with Ac-Tβ4: A potential biomarker of Ac-Tβ4 for doping tests.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Detection and quantification of the metabolite Ac-Tβ<sub>1-14</sub> in in vitro experiments and urine of rats treated with Ac-Tβ4: A potential biomarker of Ac-Tβ4 for doping tests." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4) was reported to exert various beneficial bioactivities such as tissue repair, anti-inflammation, and reduced scar formation, and it is listed on the prohibited substances in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, no metabolism studies of T&#x3b2;4 were reported yet. Previously, our lab reported in in vitro experiment that a total of 13 metabolites were found

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/dta.3552
PubMed
37515313
Open original source
2023Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals." Abstract excerpt: Acute tympanic membrane perforations primarily occur due to injury or infection in humans. In acute cases, nearly 80-94 % of the perforations heal spontaneously. In chronic cases, non-surgical treatment becomes significantly limited, and the perforation can be restored only by myringoplasty. In addition to classical grafts such as the fascia or cartilage, promising results have been reported with

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109830
PubMed
38706788
Open original source
2022Animal research

The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis." Abstract excerpt: Fibrosis is a pathological process in which parenchymal cells are necrotic and excess extracellular matrix (ECM) is accumulated due to dysregulation of tissue injury repair. Thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4) is a 43 amino acid multifunctional polypeptide that is involved in wound healing. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is the main enzyme that hydrolyzes T&#x3b2;4 to produce its derivative N-acetyl-seryl-

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/ijms232113282
PubMed
36362069
Open original source
2014Animal research

In vivo growth suppression of CT-26 mouse colorectal cancer cells by adenovirus-expressed small hairpin RNA specifically targeting thymosin beta-4 mRNA.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "In vivo growth suppression of CT-26 mouse colorectal cancer cells by adenovirus-expressed small hairpin RNA specifically targeting thymosin beta-4 mRNA." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) is known to be involved in tumorigenesis. Overexpression of this polypeptide has been observed in a wide variety of cancers, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Accordingly, T&#x3b2;4 has been proposed to be a novel therapeutic target for CRC, especially in its metastatic form. Although in vitro tumor-suppressive effects of T&#x3b2;4 gene silencing mediated by small h

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/cgt.2014.43
PubMed
25124811
Open original source
2004Animal research

Selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce thymosin beta-4 and alter actin cytoskeletal organization in human colorectal cancer cells.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce thymosin beta-4 and alter actin cytoskeletal organization in human colorectal cancer cells." Abstract excerpt: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for their anti-inflammatory effects and have been shown to have chemopreventive effects as well. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity to exert their anti-inflammatory effects, but it is not clear whether their antitumorigenic ability is through COX inhibition. Using subtractive hybridization, we previously identified a novel mem

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1124/jpet.104.070664
PubMed
15292456
Open original source
2017Animal research

Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Abstract excerpt: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a major health concern worldwide. We applied the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) to analyze paired normal (N) and tumor (T) samples from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as well as liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis in HNSCC cell lines to identify t

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/s41598-017-09539-w
PubMed
28831179
Open original source
2026Animal research

Decidualization-empowered ECM hydrogel integrating sustained Tβ4 release drives endometrial regeneration in intrauterine adhesions.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Decidualization-empowered ECM hydrogel integrating sustained Tβ4 release drives endometrial regeneration in intrauterine adhesions." Abstract excerpt: Intrauterine adhesions (IUA), a leading cause of female infertility, result from a pathological switch in the uterine injury response from regeneration to fibrotic scarring. Current treatments are often inadequate as they fail to address this fundamental shift. Here, we report a "decidualization-empowered" hydrogel that reverses this pathology by synergistically combining a bioactive extracellular

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/s41467-026-68677-w
PubMed
41565687
Open original source
2026Animal research

Reparative Outcomes in Corneal Infection: Linking Adjunctive Tβ4 Treatment to Nerve Regeneration and Visual Function.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Reparative Outcomes in Corneal Infection: Linking Adjunctive Tβ4 Treatment to Nerve Regeneration and Visual Function." Abstract excerpt: Previous studies have shown that adjunctive thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) with ciprofloxacin reduces bacterial keratitis severity, enhances wound repair, and promotes a return to homeostasis. However, its impact on corneal nerves and visual function, two critical but often overlooked determinants of long-term outcomes, remains unexplored. The present study addresses this gap by evaluating whether ad

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1167/iovs.67.6.22
PubMed
42283548
Open original source
2021Animal research

Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies." Abstract excerpt: Our dream of defeating the processes of aging has occupied the curious and has challenged scientists globally for hundreds of years. The history is long, and sadly, the solution is still elusive. Our endeavors to reverse the magnitude of damaging cellular and molecular alterations resulted in only a few, yet significant advancements.&nbsp;Furthermore, as our lifespan increases, physicians are faci

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/cells10061343
PubMed
34071596
Open original source
2018Animal research

Highly effective biosynthesis of N-acetylated human thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in Escherichia coli.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Highly effective biosynthesis of N-acetylated human thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in Escherichia coli." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4) is a multifunctional N-acetylated peptide with distinct activities important at various stages. Due to its potential multiple therapeutic uses in many fields, there is an increasing need of T&#x3b2;4 at lower costs than with the use of chemical synthesis. In this research, we developed a method to produce rhT&#x3b2;4 with N-acetylation in E. coli. Firstly, the E. coli

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1080/21691401.2018.1489268
PubMed
29989423
Open original source
2024Animal research

Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-induced keratitis.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-induced keratitis." Abstract excerpt: Current treatments for bacterial keratitis fail to address the sight-threatening inflammatory host response. Our recent work elucidating the therapeutic mechanisms of adjunctive thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) in resolving inflammation and infection in bacterial keratitis revealed modulation of effector cell function and enhanced bacterial killing. The current study builds upon the observed effects on

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3389/fimmu.2024.1458684
PubMed
39380984
Open original source
2021Animal research

In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening using quantitative PCR identifies thymosin beta-4 X-linked that promotes diffuse-type gastric cancer metastasis.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening using quantitative PCR identifies thymosin beta-4 X-linked that promotes diffuse-type gastric cancer metastasis." Abstract excerpt: Gastric cancer (GC) is histologically classified into intestinal-type gastric cancer (IGC) and diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC), and the latter is poorly differentiated and highly metastatic. In this study, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we described a complete protocol for in vivo CRISPR-Cas9-based knockout screening of essential genes for DGC metastasis. We functionally

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/mc.23326
PubMed
34081824
Open original source
2021Animal research

Circular RNA PIP5K1A (circPIP5K1A) accelerates endometriosis progression by regulating the miR-153-3p/Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked (TMSB4X) pathway.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Circular RNA PIP5K1A (circPIP5K1A) accelerates endometriosis progression by regulating the miR-153-3p/Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked (TMSB4X) pathway." Abstract excerpt: As a common gynecologic disease, endometriosis (EM) poses a threat to the reproductive health of about 10% women globally. Recent studies have revealed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are deeply implicated in EM pathogenesis. However, the functions of circPIP5K1A in EM have not been studied yet. Our study intended to uncover the molecular mechanism of circPIP5K1A in EM. In this work, gene and protei

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1080/21655979.2021.1978618
PubMed
34546850
Open original source
2020Animal research

Transplantation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Obese Diabetic Rats Following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Thymosin Beta-4.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Transplantation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Obese Diabetic Rats Following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Thymosin Beta-4." Abstract excerpt: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone-marrow derived cells that are critical in the maintenance of endothelial wall integrity and protection of ischemic myocardium through the formation of new blood vessels (vasculogenesis) or proliferation of pre-existing vasculature (angiogenesis). Diabetes mellitus (DM) and the metabolic syndrome are commonly associated with ischemic heart disease throug

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/cells9040949
PubMed
32290541
Open original source
2022Animal research

Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TMSB4X) was recently identified as a differentially expressed gene between malignant and non-malignant thyroid cells via single-cell RNA sequencing. In the present study, we aimed to study the immunostaining pattern of TMSB4X in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that normal thyroid tissue or benign thyroid disorders exhibited undetectabl

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1369/00221554221138370
PubMed
36321670
Open original source
2010Animal research

Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, is a novel hypoxia responsive regulator.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, is a novel hypoxia responsive regulator." Abstract excerpt: Angiogenesis is induced by soluble factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released from tumor cells in hypoxia. It enhances solid tumor growth and provides an ability to establish metastasis at peripheral sites by tumor cell migration. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an actin-sequestering protein to control cytoskeletal reorganization. Here, we investigated whether angiogenesis and tum

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s10585-010-9350-z
PubMed
20821256
Open original source
2022Animal research

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 counter-regulates thymosin beta-4 expression and primary cilium formation for HeLa cervical cancer cell survival.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 counter-regulates thymosin beta-4 expression and primary cilium formation for HeLa cervical cancer cell survival." Abstract excerpt: We investigated the function of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) expression and primary cilium (PC) formation via the underlying Nrf2-dependent mechanism for cervical cancer cell (CC) survival under conditions of serum deprivation (SD). TB4 silencing was achieved using RNA interference. The percentage of PC formation was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Nrf2 expression was modified by the&#xa0;prepar

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/s41598-022-24596-6
PubMed
36424462
Open original source
2008Animal research

Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 alpha stabilization by actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4 (TB4) in Hela cervical tumor cells.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 alpha stabilization by actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4 (TB4) in Hela cervical tumor cells." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an actin-sequestering protein to control cytoskeletal reorganization. Here, we investigated whether TB4 proteins (TB4P) affect tumor microenvironment by measuring hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 alpha stabilization in cervical tumor cells, since TB4P reduced paclitaxel-induced cell death rate. TB4P increased HIF-1 alpha stabilization and transactivation, whi

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.canlet.2008.01.004
PubMed
18272284
Open original source
2021Animal research

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced tumor growth is regulated by primary cilium formation via the axis of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production-thymosin beta-4 gene expression.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced tumor growth is regulated by primary cilium formation via the axis of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production-thymosin beta-4 gene expression." Abstract excerpt: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) that is one of the most commonly used phthalates in manufacturing plastic wares regulates tumorigenesis. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), an actin-sequestering protein, has been reported as a novel regulator to form primary cilia that are antenna-like organelles playing a role in various physiological homeostasis and pathological development including tumorigenesis. Here,

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.7150/ijms.53595
PubMed
33526986
Open original source
2025Animal research

Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing." Abstract excerpt: Microneedles loaded with bioactive substances have demonstrated efficacy in wound healing, while their application in the elderly chronic wounds, aggravated by cellular senescence, is still a significant challenge. Here, a novel therapeutic strategy is presented utilizing Thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4)-modified adipose-derived stem cell extracellular vesicles (ADSC-EVs) delivered via separable micr

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/advs.202505009
PubMed
40279568
Open original source
2025Animal research

Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway." Abstract excerpt: Ovarian cancer is a gynecologic malignancy with high mortality and poor prognosis. Chemoresistance is a key cause of ovarian cancer recurrence and metastasis. It has been found that some bioactive peptides can inhibit the growth and metastasis of cancer cells and promote cell apoptosis, thus exerting anti-cancer effects. T&#x3b2;4-17 is a small polypeptide that we selected using ITRAQ technology,

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s12032-025-03106-4
PubMed
41205079
Open original source
2023Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) is a ubiquitous protein with multiple and diverse intracellular and extracellular functions in vertebrates, which play fundamental roles in innate immune against pathogens and wound healing. In this study, the full-length cDNA of T&#x3b2;4 was cloned from Penaeus monodon (designated as PmT&#x3b2;4), using the technology of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cD

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109065
PubMed
37689229
Open original source
2023Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies." Abstract excerpt: Our dream of defeating the processes of organ damage and aging remains a challenge scientists pursued for hundreds of years. Although the goal is to successfully treat the body as a whole, steps towards regenerating individual organs are even considered significant. Since initial approaches utilizing only progenitor cells appear limited, we propose interconnecting our collective knowledge regardin

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109741
PubMed
36709593
Open original source
2022Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells." Abstract excerpt: Prior studies show that signature phenotypes of diabetic human induced pluripotent stem cells derived endothelial cells (dia-hiPSC-ECs) are disrupted glycine homeostasis, increased senescence, impaired mitochondrial function and angiogenic potential as compared with healthy hiPSC-ECs. In the current study, we aimed to assess the role of thymosin &#x3b2;-4 (Tb-4) on endothelial function using dia-h

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1186/s13287-021-02687-x
PubMed
35012642
Open original source
2017Animal research

Tβ4-overexpression based on the piggyBac transposon system in cashmere goats alters hair fiber characteristics.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Tβ4-overexpression based on the piggyBac transposon system in cashmere goats alters hair fiber characteristics." Abstract excerpt: Increasing cashmere yield is one of the vital aims of cashmere goats breeding. Compared to traditional breeding methods, transgenic technology is more efficient and the piggyBac (PB) transposon system has been widely applied to generate transgenic animals. For the present study, donor fibroblasts were stably transfected via a PB donor vector containing the coding sequence of cashmere goat thymosin

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s11248-016-9988-7
PubMed
27900536
Open original source
2016Animal research

Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells." Abstract excerpt: Recent reports suggest that thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) is a key regulator for wound healing and anti-inflammation. However, the role of T&#x3b2;4 in osteoclast differentiation remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate T&#x3b2;4 expression in H2O2-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), the effects of T&#x3b2;4 activation on inflammatory response in PDLCs and osteocla

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0146708
PubMed
26789270
Open original source
2015Animal research

Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) is known to induce hair growth and hair follicle (HF) development; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. We generated mice that overexpressed T&#x3b2;4 in the epidermis, as well as T&#x3b2;4 global knockout mice, to study the role of T&#x3b2;4 in HF development and explore the mechanism of T&#x3b2;4 on hair growth. To study T&#x3b2;4 function, we depilated contro

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0130040
PubMed
26083021
Open original source
2015Animal research

Thymosin Beta-4 Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Enhances Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation and Reduces Cell Apoptosis and Senescence.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Enhances Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation and Reduces Cell Apoptosis and Senescence." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TB-4) is considered key roles in tissue development, maintenance and pathological processes. The study aimed to prove TB-4 positive biological function on nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis and slowing the process of cell aging while increasing the cell proliferation. TB-4 recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) was constructed and induced to human NP cells. Cell of same group

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.4103/0366-6999.157686
PubMed
26021512
Open original source
2014Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 knockdown in IEC-6 normal intestinal epithelial cells induces DNA re-replication via downregulating Emi1.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 knockdown in IEC-6 normal intestinal epithelial cells induces DNA re-replication via downregulating Emi1." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4 ) is a multifunctional protein already used clinically to treat various diseases; however, the promoting effect of this protein on tumor malignancy should not be neglected. Here, we assessed whether T&#x3b2;4 alteration influences normal intestinal epithelial cells because T&#x3b2;4 is deemed a novel target for treating colorectal cancer (CRC). For this purpose, we exa

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/jcp.24609
PubMed
24615569
Open original source
2013Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via an interleukin-8-dependent mechanism.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via an interleukin-8-dependent mechanism." Abstract excerpt: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise for the field of tissue regeneration. Because only a limited number of MSCs can be obtained from each donor site, it is important to establish standard methods for MSC expansion using growth and trophic factors. Thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4) is a novel trophic factor that has antimicrobial effects and the potential to promote tissue repair. T&#x3b2;

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.04.014
PubMed
23712052
Open original source
2010Animal research

Thymosin beta-4 directs cell fate determination of human mesenchymal stem cells through biophysical effects.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 directs cell fate determination of human mesenchymal stem cells through biophysical effects." Abstract excerpt: Change of actin filament organization at the early stage of cell differentiation directs cell fate commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta(4)), a major G-actin sequestering peptide, is known to regulate the cytoskeleton. The study investigated the ways in which Tbeta(4) regulates cell fate determination in MSCs upon differentiation induction. It was found that Tbeta(4)

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/jor.20956
PubMed
19637215
Open original source
2021Animal research

Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Corneal Infection.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Corneal Infection." Abstract excerpt: Previous work examining the therapeutic efficacy of adjunct thymosin beta 4 (T&#x3b2;4) to ciprofloxacin for ocular infectious disease has revealed markedly reduced inflammation (inflammatory mediators and innate immune cells) with increased activation of wound healing pathways. Understanding the therapeutic mechanisms of action have further revealed a synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin to enha

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/cells10123579
PubMed
34944086
Open original source
2021Animal research

Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences MΦ Effector Cell Function to Improve Disease Outcome in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Keratitis.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences MΦ Effector Cell Function to Improve Disease Outcome in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Keratitis." Abstract excerpt: Our previous work has shown that topical thymosin beta 4 (T&#x3b2;4) as an adjunct to ciprofloxacin treatment reduces inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell infiltrates (neutrophils/PMN and macrophages/M&#x3a6;) while enhancing bacterial killing and wound healing pathway activation in an experimental model of P. aeruginosa -induced keratitis. This study aimed to mechanistically examine how T

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/ijms222011016
PubMed
34681676
Open original source
2024Animal research

Upregulated Tβ4 expression in inflammatory bowel disease impairs the intestinal mucus barrier by inhibiting autophagy in mice.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Upregulated Tβ4 expression in inflammatory bowel disease impairs the intestinal mucus barrier by inhibiting autophagy in mice." Abstract excerpt: Disrupted intestinal barrier homeostasis is fundamental to inflammatory bowel disease. Thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4) improves inflammation and has beneficial effects in dry-eye diseases, but its effects on the intestinal mucus barrier remain unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the underlying regulatory mechanisms and effects of T&#x3b2;4 by examining T&#x3b2;4 expression in a mouse model with

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113871
PubMed
38049080
Open original source
2020Animal research

Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/ microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/ microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application." Abstract excerpt: Microfiber yarns (MY) have been widely employed to construct tendon tissue grafts. However, suboptimal ultrastructure and inappropriate environments for cell interactions limit their clinical application. Herein, we designed a modified electrospinning device to coat poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA nanofibers onto polylactic acid (PLA) MY to generate PLGA/PLA hybrid yarns (HY), which had a well-

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.msec.2019.110268
PubMed
31753373
Open original source
2016Animal research

Function of Thymosin Beta-4 in Ethanol-Induced Microglial Activation

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Function of Thymosin Beta-4 in Ethanol-Induced Microglial Activation" Abstract excerpt: Neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia may play a pivotal role in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) pathologic conditions, including ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of T&#x3b2;4 in ethanol-induced microglia activation. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to assess the expression of T&#x3b2;4 and miR-339-5p. Western bl

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1159/000445578
PubMed
27189760
Open original source
2015Animal research

Expression of thymosin beta-4 in human periodontal ligament cells and mouse periodontal tissue and its role in osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Expression of thymosin beta-4 in human periodontal ligament cells and mouse periodontal tissue and its role in osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation." Abstract excerpt: A recent report showed that thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) is expressed during the development of tooth germ, but its effect on osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation is a controversial topic. Furthermore, the precise expression and function of T&#x3b2;4 in periodontal tissue remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the immunolocalization of T&#x3b2;4 in the devel

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.diff.2015.08.003
PubMed
26361868
Open original source
2021Animal research

Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis." Abstract excerpt: Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a recurrent common inflammatory skin disease that affects all ethnic groups in all regions worldwide. However, no specific treatment or preventive measure is yet available. Identifying effective treatments with acceptable safety and tolerability is desirable. In this study, scalp microbiota alterations were measured in SD, showing significantly greater abundance of Ma

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1111/1751-7915.13897
PubMed
34318587
Open original source
2021Animal research

Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta-4 Protects against Mouse Coronavirus Infection.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta-4 Protects against Mouse Coronavirus Infection." Abstract excerpt: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped and harbor an unusually large (30-32 kb) positive-strand linear RNA genome. Highly pathogenic coronaviruses cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (MERS-CoV) in humans. The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infects mice and serves as an ideal model of viral pathogenesis, mainly be

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1155/2021/9979032
PubMed
33967626
Open original source
2015Animal research

MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer." Abstract excerpt: DNA aneuploidy has been identified as a prognostic factor for epithelial malignancies. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful tool for direct analysis of multiple proteins in tissue sections while maintaining the cellular and molecular integrity. We compared diploid and aneuploid colon cancer tissues against normal mucosa of the colon by m

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.18632/oncotarget.6103
PubMed
26556858
Open original source
2025Animal research

Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4) plays a critical role in breast cancer progression, yet its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified that T&#x3b2;4 is significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, and its high expression correlates with poor clinical outcomes. Functionally, T&#x3b2;4 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenc

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.112111
PubMed
40912522
Open original source
2023Animal research

Targeted heart repair by Tβ4-loaded cardiac-resident macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles modified with monocyte membranes.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Targeted heart repair by Tβ4-loaded cardiac-resident macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles modified with monocyte membranes." Abstract excerpt: Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role of cardiac-resident macrophages (cMacs) in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. However, recruitment of circulating monocyte-derived macrophages decreases cMac levels post-myocardial infarction (MI). Transplanting cMacs is not an ideal option due to their low survival rates and the risk of immunological rejection. However, extracellular v

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.actbio.2023.08.022
PubMed
37597679
Open original source
2020Animal research

Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Induced Keratitis.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Induced Keratitis." Abstract excerpt: Prior work has indicated that thymosin beta 4 (T&#x3b2;4) administered with ciprofloxacin markedly improves disease outcome for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)-induced keratitis. As a result, the goal of the current study was to elucidate mechanisms by which T&#x3b2;4 mitigates the corneal response; specifically, regarding its bactericidal influence and potential synergy with ciprofloxacin. An in vitr

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/ijms21186840
PubMed
32961846
Open original source
2023Animal research

A Novel Combination Therapy Tβ4/VIP Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "A Novel Combination Therapy Tβ4/VIP Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells." Abstract excerpt: Despite the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, the majority of adult diabetic patients develop visually debilitating corneal complications, including impaired wound healing. Unfortunately, there is limited treatment for diabetes-induced corneal damage. The current project investigates a novel, peptide-based combination therapy, thymosin beta-4 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (T&#x3b2;4/VIP), ag

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/bios13110974
PubMed
37998149
Open original source
2025Animal research

Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway." Abstract excerpt: Autologous fat grafting is a widely used technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery, but its efficacy is often limited by the poor survival rate of transplanted adipose tissue. This study aims to enhance the survival of fat grafts by investigating the role of thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) in facilitating mitochondrial transfer from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to adipocytes and newly form

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.12.061
PubMed
39761767
Open original source
2018Animal research

Expression and localisation of thymosin beta-4 in the developing human early fetal heart.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Expression and localisation of thymosin beta-4 in the developing human early fetal heart." Abstract excerpt: The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and localisation of thymosin &#x3b2;4 (T&#x3b2;4) in the developing human heart. T&#x3b2;4 is a cardioprotective protein which may have therapeutic potential. While T&#x3b2;4 is an endogenously produced protein with known importance during development, its role within the developing human heart is not fully understood. Elucidating the l

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0207248
PubMed
30412598
Open original source
2014Animal research

The actin-sequestering protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel target of hypoxia-inducible nitric oxide and HIF-1α regulation.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "The actin-sequestering protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel target of hypoxia-inducible nitric oxide and HIF-1α regulation." Abstract excerpt: The actin-sequestering protein thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) is involved in various cellular and physiological processes such as proliferation, motility, growth and metastasis. Nitric oxide (NO) promotes tumor invasiveness and metastasis by activating various enzymes. Herein, we investigated whether hypoxia-inducible NO regulates T&#x3b2;4 expression and cancer cell migration using HeLa cervical can

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0106532
PubMed
25271630
Open original source
2022Animal research

Recombinant Human Thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) Modulates the Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC)-Induced Dry Eye Disease.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Recombinant Human Thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) Modulates the Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC)-Induced Dry Eye Disease." Abstract excerpt: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular disorder that interferes with daily living and reduces quality of life. However, there is no most ideal therapeutic treatment to address all the deleterious defects of DED. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of recombinant human thymosin &#x3b2;4 (rhT&#x3b2;4) to promote healing in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced mice DED

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/ijms23105458
PubMed
35628276
Open original source
2013Animal research

Multiple functional involvement of thymosin beta-4 in tooth germ development.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Multiple functional involvement of thymosin beta-4 in tooth germ development." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) is known to be ubiquitously involved in the actin monomer sequestering on the cytoskeleton. Our previous study showed specific temporal and special in situ expression pattern of T&#x3b2;4 mRNA in dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the developing tooth germ of the mouse lower first molar. In this study, we examined the functional implications of T&#x3b2;4 in the

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s00418-012-1033-1
PubMed
23052839
Open original source
2012Animal research

Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by thymosin beta-4 is associated with gastric cancer cell migration.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by thymosin beta-4 is associated with gastric cancer cell migration." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4), actin-sequestering protein, plays important roles in many cellular functions including cancer cell migrations. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) in Wnt signaling pathway is a key molecule to control intercellular interaction. Here, we investigated whether GSK-3 activity is regulated by T&#x3b2;4 and it is associated with T&#x3b2;4-mediated migration in gastric cancer cell

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/ijc.27490
PubMed
22328534
Open original source
2007Laboratory research

Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors." Abstract excerpt: Overexpression of thymosin beta-4 has been linked to malignant progression but the localization of this polypeptide within tumors is incompletely known. We therefore examined breast cancers for thymosin beta-4 using immunofluorescence. Reactive cells were identified with monoclonal cell marker antibodies. A very heterogeneous staining pattern for thymosin beta-4 was observed. Thus, while leukocyte

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1196/annals.1415.005
PubMed
17495241
Open original source
1989Laboratory research

Possibility of HIV gp41 and thymosin beta-4 sharing the same antigenic epitope

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Possibility of HIV gp41 and thymosin beta-4 sharing the same antigenic epitope" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1097/00002030-198905000-00013
PubMed
2475143
Open original source
2007Laboratory research

Identification and characterization of thymosin beta-4 in chicken macrophages using whole cell MALDI-TOF.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Identification and characterization of thymosin beta-4 in chicken macrophages using whole cell MALDI-TOF." Abstract excerpt: The aim of the study was to determine chicken monocyte- and granulocyte-associated peptides and proteins using "whole cell" matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and to characterize the peptides based on their abundance. The mass spectra showed a prominent peak at m/z 4963 in monocytes/macrophages but not in the granulocytes. Subsequent purific

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1196/annals.1415.028
PubMed
17947593
Open original source
1992Laboratory research

Expression of thymosin beta-4 and related genes in developing human brain

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Expression of thymosin beta-4 and related genes in developing human brain" Abstract excerpt: The retinoic acid-responsive thymosin beta-10 gene is known to be developmentally regulated in the human brain. We now report the novel finding that thymosin beta-4, a structurally related 5-kDa actin-sequestering protein, is also subject to a similar but not identical pattern of expression during normal human neuroembryogenesis. However, while thymosin beta-10 mRNA was undetectable (by northern b

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/bf02919408
PubMed
1627460
Open original source
2010Laboratory research

Effect of toll-like receptor activation on thymosin beta-4 production by chicken macrophages.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Effect of toll-like receptor activation on thymosin beta-4 production by chicken macrophages." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (T&#x3b2;4) is an actin-binding intracellular peptide that promotes wound healing, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. The mechanism of T&#x3b2;4 secretion to the extracellular environment is not understood. The macrophage is a rich source of T&#x3b2;4 which also participates in wound healing process. The objective of this study was to find how T&#x3b2;4 may be externalized. Using

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s11010-010-0528-0
PubMed
20614231
Open original source
2010Laboratory research

Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, induces paclitaxel resistance through ROS/HIF-1α stabilization in HeLa human cervical tumor cells

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, induces paclitaxel resistance through ROS/HIF-1α stabilization in HeLa human cervical tumor cells" Abstract excerpt: We investigated whether actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4 (TB4)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1alpha and paclitaxel-resistance induction. HeLa human cervical tumor cells were used. The percentage of cell survival was determined by MTT assay. ROS production, cell cycle and hypodiploid cell formation were asse

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.lfs.2010.07.002
PubMed
20637781
Open original source
2008Laboratory research

Thymosin beta-4 upregulates anti-oxidative enzymes and protects human cornea epithelial cells against oxidative damage

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 upregulates anti-oxidative enzymes and protects human cornea epithelial cells against oxidative damage" Abstract excerpt: The ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial for cornea epithelial cells to resist oxidative damage. The authors previously demonstrated that exogenous thymosin beta-4 (T beta(4)) was able to protect human cornea epithelial (HCE-T) cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage, and its cellular internalisation was essential. The aim of this study is to further elucidate its p

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1136/bjo.2007.136747
PubMed
18480304
Open original source
Insufficient evidence

Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review

Source reference associated with Thymosin beta-4. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source
other
DOI
10.20944/preprints202605.1124.v1
Open original source
Insufficient evidence

Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy Improves <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Keratitis.

Source reference associated with Thymosin beta-4. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source
other
DOI
10.3390/cells7100145
PubMed
30241380
Open original source
2013Insufficient evidence

Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer.

Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer." Abstract excerpt: Despite major advances in its diagnosis and treatment, gastric cancer (GC) remains a major life-threatening disease. Treatment of the disease is further aggravated by the lack of diagnostic biomarkers that can aid in the early detection of GC and promote its favorable prognosis. The present work aims to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers for GC. The present work is a case-control study that focu

Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.05.068
PubMed
23747515
Open original source

Scientific context

Chemistry and represented biological context

Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.

Open chemistry and biological context ↓
Chemical identity

Molecular and structural record

Structured record
Molecular formula
C212H350N56O78S
Molecular weight (Da)
4963
SMILES
CCC(C)C(C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CC1=CC=CC=C1)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CC(=O)N)C(=O)N2CCCC2C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)N3CCCC3C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)NC(C(C)CC)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(CCC(=O)N)C(=O)NC(C)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCC(=O)O)C(=O)NC(CO)C(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCSC)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C4CCCN4C(=O)C(CCCCN)NC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C
InChI
InChI=1S/C212H350N56O78S/c1-16-106(7)166(261-190(323)131(64-75-160(292)293)231-172(305)109(10)228-174(307)134(78-91-347-15)245-196(329)140(98-165(302)303)255-201(334)147-53-39-88-266(147)209(342)135(52-29-38-87-221)250-197(330)139(97-164(300)301)254-198(331)143(100-269)229-113(14)276)204(337)246-129(62-73-158(288)289)187(320)233-118(47-24-33-82-216)179(312)252-137(94-114-42-19-18-20-43-114)194(327)253-138(96-163(298)299)195(328)237-121(50-27-36-85-219)181(314)258-144(101-270)199(332)239-119(48-25-34-83-217)178(311)251-136(92-104(3)4)193(326)236-116(45-22-31-80-214)175(308)235-122(51-28-37-86-220)189(322)263-168(110(11)273)207(340)249-133(66-77-162(296)297)192(325)264-169(111(12)274)206(339)248-126(58-69-152(224)279)184(317)243-128(61-72-157(286)287)186(319)234-120(49-26-35-84-218)180(313)256-142(95-153(225)280)211(344)268-90-40-54-148(268)202(335)257-141(93-105(5)6)210(343)267-89-41-55-149(267)203(336)259-145(102-271)200(333)238-117(46-23-32-81-215)177(310)244-132(65-76-161(294)295)191(324)265-170(112(13)275)208(341)262-167(107(8)17-2)205(338)247-130(63-74-159(290)291)188(321)241-125(57-68-151(223)278)183(316)242-127(60-71-156(284)285)185(318)232-115(44-21-30-79-213)176(309)240-124(56-67-150(222)277)173(306)227-108(9)171(304)226-99-154(281)230-123(59-70-155(282)283)182(315)260-146(103-272)212(345)346/h18-20,42-43,104-112,115-149,166-170,269-275H,16-17,21-41,44-103,213-221H2,1-15H3,(H2,222,277)(H2,223,278)(H2,224,279)(H2,225,280)(H,226,304)(H,227,306)(H,228,307)(H,229,276)(H,230,281)(H,231,305)(H,232,318)(H,233,320)(H,234,319)(H,235,308)(H,236,326)(H,237,328)(H,238,333)(H,239,332)(H,240,309)(H,241,321)(H,242,316)(H,243,317)(H,244,310)(H,245,329)(H,246,337)(H,247,338)(H,248,339)(H,249,340)(H,250,330)(H,251,311)(H,252,312)(H,253,327)(H,254,331)(H,255,334)(H,256,313)(H,257,335)(H,258,314)(H,259,336)(H,260,315)(H,261,323)(H,262,341)(H,263,322)(H,264,325)(H,265,324)(H,282,283)(H,284,285)(H,286,287)(H,288,289)(H,290,291)(H,292,293)(H,294,295)(H,296,297)(H,298,299)(H,300,301)(H,302,303)(H,345,346)
InChIKey
UGPMCIBIHRSCBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.

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Methodology

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Research

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Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.

Research chronology

  1. 1989 · study · Temporal status not established

    Possibility of HIV gp41 and thymosin beta-4 sharing the same antigenic epitope

    peer_reviewed_research

  2. 1992 · study · Temporal status not established

    Expression of thymosin beta-4 and related genes in developing human brain

    peer_reviewed_research

  3. 2004 · study · Temporal status not established

    Selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce thymosin beta-4 and alter actin cytoskeletal organization in human colorectal cancer cells.

    peer_reviewed_research

  4. 2007 · study · Temporal status not established

    Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors.

    peer_reviewed_research

  5. 2007 · study · Temporal status not established

    Identification and characterization of thymosin beta-4 in chicken macrophages using whole cell MALDI-TOF.

    peer_reviewed_research

  6. 2008 · study · Temporal status not established

    Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 alpha stabilization by actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4 (TB4) in Hela cervical tumor cells.

    peer_reviewed_research

  7. 2008 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 upregulates anti-oxidative enzymes and protects human cornea epithelial cells against oxidative damage

    peer_reviewed_research

  8. 2010 · study · Temporal status not established

    Protection of thymosin beta-4 on corneal endothelial cells from UVB-induced apoptosis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  9. 2010 · study · Temporal status not established

    Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, is a novel hypoxia responsive regulator.

    peer_reviewed_research

  10. 2010 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 directs cell fate determination of human mesenchymal stem cells through biophysical effects.

    peer_reviewed_research

  11. 2010 · study · Temporal status not established

    Effect of toll-like receptor activation on thymosin beta-4 production by chicken macrophages.

    peer_reviewed_research

  12. 2010 · study · Temporal status not established

    Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, induces paclitaxel resistance through ROS/HIF-1α stabilization in HeLa human cervical tumor cells

    peer_reviewed_research

  13. 2012 · study · Temporal status not established

    Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by thymosin beta-4 is associated with gastric cancer cell migration.

    peer_reviewed_research

  14. 2013 · study · Temporal status not established

    Cellular trafficking of thymosin beta-4 in HEPG2 cells following serum starvation.

    peer_reviewed_research

  15. 2013 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via an interleukin-8-dependent mechanism.

    peer_reviewed_research

  16. 2013 · study · Temporal status not established

    Multiple functional involvement of thymosin beta-4 in tooth germ development.

    peer_reviewed_research

  17. 2013 · study · Temporal status not established

    Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer.

    peer_reviewed_research

  18. 2014 · study · Temporal status not established

    In vivo growth suppression of CT-26 mouse colorectal cancer cells by adenovirus-expressed small hairpin RNA specifically targeting thymosin beta-4 mRNA.

    peer_reviewed_research

  19. 2014 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 knockdown in IEC-6 normal intestinal epithelial cells induces DNA re-replication via downregulating Emi1.

    peer_reviewed_research

  20. 2014 · study · Temporal status not established

    The actin-sequestering protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel target of hypoxia-inducible nitric oxide and HIF-1α regulation.

    peer_reviewed_research

  21. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    Hypoxia/reoxygenation-experienced cancer cell migration and metastasis are regulated by Rap1- and Rac1-GTPase activation via the expression of thymosin beta-4.

    peer_reviewed_research

  22. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth.

    peer_reviewed_research

  23. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta-4 Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Enhances Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation and Reduces Cell Apoptosis and Senescence.

    peer_reviewed_research

  24. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    Expression of thymosin beta-4 in human periodontal ligament cells and mouse periodontal tissue and its role in osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation.

    peer_reviewed_research

  25. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer.

    peer_reviewed_research

  26. 2016 · study · Temporal status not established

    A thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  27. 2016 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells.

    peer_reviewed_research

  28. 2016 · study · Temporal status not established

    Function of Thymosin Beta-4 in Ethanol-Induced Microglial Activation

    peer_reviewed_research

  29. 2017 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

    peer_reviewed_research

  30. 2017 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.

    peer_reviewed_research

  31. 2017 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells via hedgehog signaling.

    peer_reviewed_research

  32. 2017 · study · Temporal status not established

    Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

    peer_reviewed_research

  33. 2017 · study · Temporal status not established

    Tβ4-overexpression based on the piggyBac transposon system in cashmere goats alters hair fiber characteristics.

    peer_reviewed_research

  34. 2018 · study · Temporal status not established

    Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations.

    peer_reviewed_research

  35. 2018 · study · Temporal status not established

    No effect of thymosin beta-4 on the expression of the transcription factor Islet-1 in the adult murine heart.

    peer_reviewed_research

  36. 2018 · study · Temporal status not established

    Highly effective biosynthesis of N-acetylated human thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in Escherichia coli.

    peer_reviewed_research

  37. 2018 · study · Temporal status not established

    Expression and localisation of thymosin beta-4 in the developing human early fetal heart.

    peer_reviewed_research

  38. 2020 · study · Temporal status not established

    Transplantation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Obese Diabetic Rats Following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Thymosin Beta-4.

    peer_reviewed_research

  39. 2020 · study · Temporal status not established

    Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/ microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application.

    peer_reviewed_research

  40. 2020 · study · Temporal status not established

    Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Induced Keratitis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  41. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study.

    peer_reviewed_research

  42. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm delivery.

    peer_reviewed_research

  43. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies.

    peer_reviewed_research

  44. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening using quantitative PCR identifies thymosin beta-4 X-linked that promotes diffuse-type gastric cancer metastasis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  45. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Circular RNA PIP5K1A (circPIP5K1A) accelerates endometriosis progression by regulating the miR-153-3p/Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked (TMSB4X) pathway.

    peer_reviewed_research

  46. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced tumor growth is regulated by primary cilium formation via the axis of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production-thymosin beta-4 gene expression.

    peer_reviewed_research

  47. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Corneal Infection.

    peer_reviewed_research

  48. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences MΦ Effector Cell Function to Improve Disease Outcome in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Keratitis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  49. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  50. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta-4 Protects against Mouse Coronavirus Infection.

    peer_reviewed_research

  51. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  52. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.

    peer_reviewed_research

  53. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 counter-regulates thymosin beta-4 expression and primary cilium formation for HeLa cervical cancer cell survival.

    peer_reviewed_research

  54. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells.

    peer_reviewed_research

  55. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Recombinant Human Thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) Modulates the Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC)-Induced Dry Eye Disease.

    peer_reviewed_research

  56. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Detection and quantification of the metabolite Ac-Tβ<sub>1-14</sub> in in vitro experiments and urine of rats treated with Ac-Tβ4: A potential biomarker of Ac-Tβ4 for doping tests.

    peer_reviewed_research

  57. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals.

    peer_reviewed_research

  58. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon.

    peer_reviewed_research

  59. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies.

    peer_reviewed_research

  60. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Targeted heart repair by Tβ4-loaded cardiac-resident macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles modified with monocyte membranes.

    peer_reviewed_research

  61. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    A Novel Combination Therapy Tβ4/VIP Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.

    peer_reviewed_research

  62. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-induced keratitis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  63. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    Upregulated Tβ4 expression in inflammatory bowel disease impairs the intestinal mucus barrier by inhibiting autophagy in mice.

    peer_reviewed_research

  64. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals.

    peer_reviewed_research

  65. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing.

    peer_reviewed_research

  66. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway.

    peer_reviewed_research

  67. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.

    peer_reviewed_research

  68. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.

    peer_reviewed_research

  69. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Decidualization-empowered ECM hydrogel integrating sustained Tβ4 release drives endometrial regeneration in intrauterine adhesions.

    peer_reviewed_research

  70. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Reparative Outcomes in Corneal Infection: Linking Adjunctive Tβ4 Treatment to Nerve Regeneration and Visual Function.

    peer_reviewed_research

  71. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    European Union — EMA

  72. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    United States — FDA

  73. Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta-4 and TB-500 in Tissue Healing, Regeneration, and Musculoskeletal Repair: A Scoping Review

    other

  74. Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy Improves <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Keratitis.

    other

The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.

Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.

Connections

Follow the scientific relationships

Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.

Open 2 represented connections ↓

institution

peer_reviewed_research

represented evidence source

institution

other

represented evidence source

Traceability

Follow the record back to its source

The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.

Source publication state

A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.

Reviewer provenance state

“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.

Domain conclusion → Evidence

Connected

Evidence → Source

Connected

Source → Original record

Connected

Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.

Reconciled for 6 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.

Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the Thymosin beta-4 evidence-governance section.

Inspect the ranked source records

Observational archive

What contributors reported

Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.

Observational boundary

Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.

Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.

Regulatory context

Published jurisdictional records

Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.

United States — FDA

Regulator: FDA

not_approved

As of: 9/23/2026 · Temporal status not established

FDA Drugs@FDA database

Research + media

Media connected to this scientific record

Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.

No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.

Sources + provenance

Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact

The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.
Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.
Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.
Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.
Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.
Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.
Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.
Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.
A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.
Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.

Generated: 11/8/2026, 5:24:54 PM

global evidence atlas

Thymosin beta-4 research, ranked and separated by purpose

This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.

556Discoverable source universe
500Ranked screening records
6Research domains
0Accountably approved conclusions

500 matching records · ranked 2026-09-18

Page 1 of 20

Count reconciliation: 556 discoverable source records match the peptide identity query; 500 are retained in this bounded, ranked screening view; 0 belong to the separate governed layer labeled “Accountably approved conclusions.” Domain totals overlap because one publication may inform several questions.

governance and regulatory context

Thymosin beta-4: what this atlas does and does not establish

Last checked
2026-09-18
Accountable publication approval
Not yet approved by a named accountable reviewer. Machine screening only.

No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.

Known limitations of this pass

  • no current regulatory record located in governed sources
  • no patent candidate retained after literal filter

No machine-proposed evidence-strength grades exist yet for this compound; all screening records are unassigned pending further review.

Thymosin beta-4 evidence · ranking key

How evidence is ranked

A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.

A

Practice-defining evidence

Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.

B

Strong supporting evidence

Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.

C

Contextual evidence

Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.

D

Signal-generating evidence

Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.

Tier and confidence answer different questions

Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.

Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.

Suggested citation

  • APA

    World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). Thymosin beta-4 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 26, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/thymosin-beta-4

  • AMA / Vancouver

    World Peptide Foundation. Thymosin beta-4 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 26, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/thymosin-beta-4