Scientific intelligence record
Experience 2.0
Endogenous peptide
Thymosin beta-4 is an endogenous peptide studied in actin-related biology and experimental tissue repair. It should be distinguished from marketed products or fragments such as TB-500, which may differ in identity and evidence.
Record status
Traceability partial
Last meaningful update: 9/23/2026
Ranked research corpus
500
Categorized publications with transparent machine-proposed ranking; human appraisal pending.
global evidence atlas
This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.
500 matching records · ranked 2026-09-18
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Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41478570 · DOI 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.111123
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41190820 · DOI 10.1002/adma.202503815
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID doi:10.20944/preprints202609.0556.v1 · DOI 10.20944/preprints202609.0556.v1
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41742019 · DOI 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c01063
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41565687 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-68677-w
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42440461 · DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1849387
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42542926 · DOI 10.52312/jdrs.2026.2951
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID doi:10.20944/preprints202604.1748.v1 · DOI 10.20944/preprints202604.1748.v1
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41461583 · DOI 10.1002/evj.70146
human-observational
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42628591 · DOI 10.1016/j.fsi.2026.111663
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID pmcid:pmc13296937
contextual-unclassified
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42353940 · DOI 10.3390/children13060770
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41467542 · DOI 10.1002/adhm.202504878
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42394899 · DOI 10.1002/btm2.70144
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42578445 · DOI 10.1177/03635465261464420
synthesis
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42222211
human-interventional
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42635865 · DOI 10.1007/s11916-026-01542-z
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID pmcid:pmc13296540
contextual-unclassified
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42352234 · DOI 10.3390/biom16060766
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42606759 · DOI 10.1186/s43556-026-00539-9
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42283548 · DOI 10.1167/iovs.67.6.22
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID doi:10.20944/preprints202512.1011.v3 · DOI 10.20944/preprints202512.1011.v3
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41966639 · DOI 10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42383202 · DOI 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.06.024
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID doi:10.20944/preprints202605.1124.v1 · DOI 10.20944/preprints202605.1124.v1
human-interventional
governance and regulatory context
No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.
No machine-proposed evidence-strength grades exist yet for this compound; all screening records are unassigned pending further review.
Thymosin beta-4 evidence · ranking key
A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.
Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.
Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.
Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.
Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.
APA
World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). Thymosin beta-4 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 23, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/thymosin-beta-4
AMA / Vancouver
World Peptide Foundation. Thymosin beta-4 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 23, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/thymosin-beta-4
Featured tiered studies
0
Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.
Research domains
6
Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.
Governed reviewed evidence
70
Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.
Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled to prevent automated screening from being represented as completed human review.
Human experience · separate evidence stream
Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.
Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.
Public display gate
n ≥ 20 eligible observations
Exact progress remains private before the threshold.
Intelligence snapshot
A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.
Ranked research corpus
500
Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.
Featured tiered studies
0
Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.
Research domains
6
Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.
Governed reviewed evidence
70
Reviewed database records promoted through the governed publication workflow.
Contradictions
0
Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.
Research gaps
1
Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.
Connected media
0
Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.
What we know
The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.
Reconciled domain conclusions
Thymosin beta-4 no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded conclusion, confidence level, evidence synthesis, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps.
Inspect the reconciled evidence atlasContent-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a protein that is linked to a number of important biological actions and recently tumor progression and poor prognosis of some tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate Tβ4 expression in gastric GISTs and correlate with some clinicopathological characteristics related with prognosis and clinical outcome in order to add further data to the current literature
Scientific context
Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.
Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.
Explore further
Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.
Research
Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.
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European Union — EMA
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
United States — FDA
The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.
No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.
Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.
Connections
Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.
institution
Traceability
The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.
Source publication state
A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.
Reviewer provenance state
“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.
Domain conclusion → Evidence
Connected
Evidence → Source
Connected
Source → Original record
Connected
Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.
Reconciled for 6 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.
Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the Thymosin beta-4 evidence-governance section.
Inspect the ranked source recordsObservational archive
Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.
Observational boundary
Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.
Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.
Regulatory context
Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.
European Union — EMA
Regulator: EMA
As of: 9/23/2026 · Temporal status not established
United States — FDA
Regulator: FDA
As of: 9/23/2026 · Temporal status not established
Research + media
Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.
No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.
Sources + provenance
Generated: 9/24/2026, 3:25:35 AM
Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.
Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study." Abstract excerpt: Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, associated with high risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) and in-hospital mortality. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-sequestering protein that can prevent inflammation in several tissues. Thus, we studied the role of Tβ4 in sepsis. The Tβ4 concentrations were prospectively measured in 191 patients within 6 h of the intensiv
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Sources of variability in quantifying circulating thymosin beta-4: literature review and recommendations." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an endogenous peptide with protective and regenerative effects in models of cellular and organ injury. TB4 is increasingly measured as a potential plasma or serum biomarker in human cardiovascular, liver, infectious, and autoimmune disease. The focus of this review is the quantification of TB4 in clinical cohort studies and whether reported TB4 concentrations differ with r
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an X-linked gene product with cardioprotective properties. Little is known about plasma concentration of TB4 in heart failure (HF), and its relationship with other cardiovascular biomarkers. We sought to evaluate circulating TB4 in HF patients with preserved (HFpEF) or reduced (HFrEF) ejection fraction compared to non-HF controls. TB4 was measured using a liquid chromatogr
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Hypoxia/reoxygenation-experienced cancer cell migration and metastasis are regulated by Rap1- and Rac1-GTPase activation via the expression of thymosin beta-4." Abstract excerpt: Signaling by small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPase), Rap1/Rac1, is one of the major pathways controlling cancer cell migration and tumor metastasis. Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), an actin-sequestering protein, has been shown to increase migration of cancer cells. Episodes of hypoxia and re-oxygenation (H/R) are an important phenomenon in tumor microenvironment (TME). We investigated whether T
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Cellular trafficking of thymosin beta-4 in HEPG2 cells following serum starvation." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an ubiquitous multi-functional regenerative peptide, related to many critical biological processes, with a dynamic and flexible conformation which may influence its functions and its subcellular distribution. For these reasons, the intracellular localization and trafficking of Tβ4 is still not completely defined and is still under investigation in in vivo as we
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals." Abstract excerpt: Although a myocardial infarction occurs roughly every minute in the U.S. alone, medical research has yet to unlock the key to fully enabling post-hypoxic myocardial regeneration. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), a short, secreted peptide, was shown to possess a beneficial impact regarding myocardial cell survival, coronary re-growth and progenitor cell activation following myocardial infarction in adult mam
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 prenatal administration improves fetal development and halts side effects due to preterm delivery." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta 4 (TB4) is the most abundant member of the beta-thymosin family in humans. The main physiological role of TB4 is the regulation of actin polymerization. TB4 is also involved in angiogenesis, cell survival, cell migration and fetal development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of TB4 as a fetal growth promoter when administered during pregnancy. Our protocols have be
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells via hedgehog signaling." Abstract excerpt: The molecular mechanisms of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) involved in regulating hepatic stellate cell (HSC) functions remain unclear. Therefore, we hypothesize that TB4 influences HSC activation through hedgehog (Hh) pathway. HSC functions declined in a TB4 siRNA-treated LX-2. TB4 suppression down-regulated both integrin linked kinase (ILK), an activator of smoothened, and phosphorylated glycogen synthas
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "A thymosin beta-4 is involved in production of hemocytes and immune defense of Hong Kong oyster, Crassostrea hongkongensis." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with multiple and diverse intracellular and extracellular functions in vertebrates. In this study, the full-length cDNA of Tβ4 was cloned and identified in Crassostrea hongkongensis, designated as ChTβ4. The full-length cDNA of ChTβ4 consists of 530 bp with an open reading frame of 126 bp encoding a 41 amino acid polyp
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "No effect of thymosin beta-4 on the expression of the transcription factor Islet-1 in the adult murine heart." Abstract excerpt: The transcription factor Islet-1 marks a progenitor cell population of the second heart field during cardiogenesis. In the adult heart Islet-1 expression is limited to the sinoatrial node, the ventricular outflow tract, and parasympathetic ganglia. The regenerative effect in the injured mouse ventricle of thymosin beta-4 (TB4), a 43-aminoacid peptide, was associated with increased Islet-1 immunost
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Protection of thymosin beta-4 on corneal endothelial cells from UVB-induced apoptosis." Abstract excerpt: Cornea absorbs most of daily ultraviolet (UV) light. An excess of UV damages results in not only keratopathy and cataract but also maculopathy. It has been reported that thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta4) promotes wound healing, decreases inflammatory response and prevents apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells. However, it is not clear whether Tbeta4 protects UVB-induced corneal injury, particularly in corn
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TMSB4X) was recently identified as a differentially expressed gene between malignant and non-malignant thyroid cells via single-cell RNA sequencing. In the present study, we aimed to study the immunostaining pattern of TMSB4X in benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that normal thyroid tissue or benign thyroid disorders exhibited undetectabl
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, is a novel hypoxia responsive regulator." Abstract excerpt: Angiogenesis is induced by soluble factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released from tumor cells in hypoxia. It enhances solid tumor growth and provides an ability to establish metastasis at peripheral sites by tumor cell migration. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an actin-sequestering protein to control cytoskeletal reorganization. Here, we investigated whether angiogenesis and tum
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 counter-regulates thymosin beta-4 expression and primary cilium formation for HeLa cervical cancer cell survival." Abstract excerpt: We investigated the function of thymosin beta-4 (TB4) expression and primary cilium (PC) formation via the underlying Nrf2-dependent mechanism for cervical cancer cell (CC) survival under conditions of serum deprivation (SD). TB4 silencing was achieved using RNA interference. The percentage of PC formation was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Nrf2 expression was modified by the prepar
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 alpha stabilization by actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4 (TB4) in Hela cervical tumor cells." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an actin-sequestering protein to control cytoskeletal reorganization. Here, we investigated whether TB4 proteins (TB4P) affect tumor microenvironment by measuring hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1 alpha stabilization in cervical tumor cells, since TB4P reduced paclitaxel-induced cell death rate. TB4P increased HIF-1 alpha stabilization and transactivation, whi
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced tumor growth is regulated by primary cilium formation via the axis of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production-thymosin beta-4 gene expression." Abstract excerpt: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) that is one of the most commonly used phthalates in manufacturing plastic wares regulates tumorigenesis. Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), an actin-sequestering protein, has been reported as a novel regulator to form primary cilia that are antenna-like organelles playing a role in various physiological homeostasis and pathological development including tumorigenesis. Here,
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Detection and quantification of the metabolite Ac-Tβ<sub>1-14</sub> in in vitro experiments and urine of rats treated with Ac-Tβ4: A potential biomarker of Ac-Tβ4 for doping tests." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) was reported to exert various beneficial bioactivities such as tissue repair, anti-inflammation, and reduced scar formation, and it is listed on the prohibited substances in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, no metabolism studies of Tβ4 were reported yet. Previously, our lab reported in in vitro experiment that a total of 13 metabolites were found
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals." Abstract excerpt: Acute tympanic membrane perforations primarily occur due to injury or infection in humans. In acute cases, nearly 80-94 % of the perforations heal spontaneously. In chronic cases, non-surgical treatment becomes significantly limited, and the perforation can be restored only by myringoplasty. In addition to classical grafts such as the fascia or cartilage, promising results have been reported with
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis." Abstract excerpt: Fibrosis is a pathological process in which parenchymal cells are necrotic and excess extracellular matrix (ECM) is accumulated due to dysregulation of tissue injury repair. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a 43 amino acid multifunctional polypeptide that is involved in wound healing. Prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) is the main enzyme that hydrolyzes Tβ4 to produce its derivative N-acetyl-seryl-
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "In vivo growth suppression of CT-26 mouse colorectal cancer cells by adenovirus-expressed small hairpin RNA specifically targeting thymosin beta-4 mRNA." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is known to be involved in tumorigenesis. Overexpression of this polypeptide has been observed in a wide variety of cancers, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Accordingly, Tβ4 has been proposed to be a novel therapeutic target for CRC, especially in its metastatic form. Although in vitro tumor-suppressive effects of Tβ4 gene silencing mediated by small h
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Decidualization-empowered ECM hydrogel integrating sustained Tβ4 release drives endometrial regeneration in intrauterine adhesions." Abstract excerpt: Intrauterine adhesions (IUA), a leading cause of female infertility, result from a pathological switch in the uterine injury response from regeneration to fibrotic scarring. Current treatments are often inadequate as they fail to address this fundamental shift. Here, we report a "decidualization-empowered" hydrogel that reverses this pathology by synergistically combining a bioactive extracellular
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Reparative Outcomes in Corneal Infection: Linking Adjunctive Tβ4 Treatment to Nerve Regeneration and Visual Function." Abstract excerpt: Previous studies have shown that adjunctive thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) with ciprofloxacin reduces bacterial keratitis severity, enhances wound repair, and promotes a return to homeostasis. However, its impact on corneal nerves and visual function, two critical but often overlooked determinants of long-term outcomes, remains unexplored. The present study addresses this gap by evaluating whether ad
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Utilizing Developmentally Essential Secreted Peptides Such as Thymosin Beta-4 to Remind the Adult Organs of Their Embryonic State-New Directions in Anti-Aging Regenerative Therapies." Abstract excerpt: Our dream of defeating the processes of aging has occupied the curious and has challenged scientists globally for hundreds of years. The history is long, and sadly, the solution is still elusive. Our endeavors to reverse the magnitude of damaging cellular and molecular alterations resulted in only a few, yet significant advancements. Furthermore, as our lifespan increases, physicians are faci
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Highly effective biosynthesis of N-acetylated human thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in Escherichia coli." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a multifunctional N-acetylated peptide with distinct activities important at various stages. Due to its potential multiple therapeutic uses in many fields, there is an increasing need of Tβ4 at lower costs than with the use of chemical synthesis. In this research, we developed a method to produce rhTβ4 with N-acetylation in E. coli. Firstly, the E. coli
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Activation of pro-resolving pathways mediate the therapeutic effects of thymosin beta-4 during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-induced keratitis." Abstract excerpt: Current treatments for bacterial keratitis fail to address the sight-threatening inflammatory host response. Our recent work elucidating the therapeutic mechanisms of adjunctive thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) in resolving inflammation and infection in bacterial keratitis revealed modulation of effector cell function and enhanced bacterial killing. The current study builds upon the observed effects on
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening using quantitative PCR identifies thymosin beta-4 X-linked that promotes diffuse-type gastric cancer metastasis." Abstract excerpt: Gastric cancer (GC) is histologically classified into intestinal-type gastric cancer (IGC) and diffuse-type gastric cancer (DGC), and the latter is poorly differentiated and highly metastatic. In this study, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we described a complete protocol for in vivo CRISPR-Cas9-based knockout screening of essential genes for DGC metastasis. We functionally
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Circular RNA PIP5K1A (circPIP5K1A) accelerates endometriosis progression by regulating the miR-153-3p/Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked (TMSB4X) pathway." Abstract excerpt: As a common gynecologic disease, endometriosis (EM) poses a threat to the reproductive health of about 10% women globally. Recent studies have revealed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are deeply implicated in EM pathogenesis. However, the functions of circPIP5K1A in EM have not been studied yet. Our study intended to uncover the molecular mechanism of circPIP5K1A in EM. In this work, gene and protei
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Transplantation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Obese Diabetic Rats Following Myocardial Infarction: Role of Thymosin Beta-4." Abstract excerpt: Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone-marrow derived cells that are critical in the maintenance of endothelial wall integrity and protection of ischemic myocardium through the formation of new blood vessels (vasculogenesis) or proliferation of pre-existing vasculature (angiogenesis). Diabetes mellitus (DM) and the metabolic syndrome are commonly associated with ischemic heart disease throug
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Tβ4-Engineered ADSC Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cell Senescence Through Separable Microneedle Patches for Diabetic Wound Healing." Abstract excerpt: Microneedles loaded with bioactive substances have demonstrated efficacy in wound healing, while their application in the elderly chronic wounds, aggravated by cellular senescence, is still a significant challenge. Here, a novel therapeutic strategy is presented utilizing Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)-modified adipose-derived stem cell extracellular vesicles (ADSC-EVs) delivered via separable micr
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Tβ4-17 peptide enhances the chemo-sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to DDP by affecting NF-κB signaling pathway." Abstract excerpt: Ovarian cancer is a gynecologic malignancy with high mortality and poor prognosis. Chemoresistance is a key cause of ovarian cancer recurrence and metastasis. It has been found that some bioactive peptides can inhibit the growth and metastasis of cancer cells and promote cell apoptosis, thus exerting anti-cancer effects. Tβ4-17 is a small polypeptide that we selected using ITRAQ technology,
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a ubiquitous protein with multiple and diverse intracellular and extracellular functions in vertebrates, which play fundamental roles in innate immune against pathogens and wound healing. In this study, the full-length cDNA of Tβ4 was cloned from Penaeus monodon (designated as PmTβ4), using the technology of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cD
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies." Abstract excerpt: Our dream of defeating the processes of organ damage and aging remains a challenge scientists pursued for hundreds of years. Although the goal is to successfully treat the body as a whole, steps towards regenerating individual organs are even considered significant. Since initial approaches utilizing only progenitor cells appear limited, we propose interconnecting our collective knowledge regardin
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 improves endothelial function and reparative potency of diabetic endothelial cells differentiated from patient induced pluripotent stem cells." Abstract excerpt: Prior studies show that signature phenotypes of diabetic human induced pluripotent stem cells derived endothelial cells (dia-hiPSC-ECs) are disrupted glycine homeostasis, increased senescence, impaired mitochondrial function and angiogenic potential as compared with healthy hiPSC-ECs. In the current study, we aimed to assess the role of thymosin β-4 (Tb-4) on endothelial function using dia-h
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Tβ4-overexpression based on the piggyBac transposon system in cashmere goats alters hair fiber characteristics." Abstract excerpt: Increasing cashmere yield is one of the vital aims of cashmere goats breeding. Compared to traditional breeding methods, transgenic technology is more efficient and the piggyBac (PB) transposon system has been widely applied to generate transgenic animals. For the present study, donor fibroblasts were stably transfected via a PB donor vector containing the coding sequence of cashmere goat thymosin
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Suppresses Osteoclastic Differentiation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells." Abstract excerpt: Recent reports suggest that thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is a key regulator for wound healing and anti-inflammation. However, the role of Tβ4 in osteoclast differentiation remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Tβ4 expression in H2O2-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs), the effects of Tβ4 activation on inflammatory response in PDLCs and osteocla
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Induces Mouse Hair Growth." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is known to induce hair growth and hair follicle (HF) development; however, its mechanism of action is unknown. We generated mice that overexpressed Tβ4 in the epidermis, as well as Tβ4 global knockout mice, to study the role of Tβ4 in HF development and explore the mechanism of Tβ4 on hair growth. To study Tβ4 function, we depilated contro
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin Beta-4 Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus Enhances Human Nucleus Pulposus Cell Proliferation and Reduces Cell Apoptosis and Senescence." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (TB-4) is considered key roles in tissue development, maintenance and pathological processes. The study aimed to prove TB-4 positive biological function on nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis and slowing the process of cell aging while increasing the cell proliferation. TB-4 recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) was constructed and induced to human NP cells. Cell of same group
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 knockdown in IEC-6 normal intestinal epithelial cells induces DNA re-replication via downregulating Emi1." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin β4 (Tβ4 ) is a multifunctional protein already used clinically to treat various diseases; however, the promoting effect of this protein on tumor malignancy should not be neglected. Here, we assessed whether Tβ4 alteration influences normal intestinal epithelial cells because Tβ4 is deemed a novel target for treating colorectal cancer (CRC). For this purpose, we exa
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via an interleukin-8-dependent mechanism." Abstract excerpt: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise for the field of tissue regeneration. Because only a limited number of MSCs can be obtained from each donor site, it is important to establish standard methods for MSC expansion using growth and trophic factors. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) is a novel trophic factor that has antimicrobial effects and the potential to promote tissue repair. Tβ
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 directs cell fate determination of human mesenchymal stem cells through biophysical effects." Abstract excerpt: Change of actin filament organization at the early stage of cell differentiation directs cell fate commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta(4)), a major G-actin sequestering peptide, is known to regulate the cytoskeleton. The study investigated the ways in which Tbeta(4) regulates cell fate determination in MSCs upon differentiation induction. It was found that Tbeta(4)
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences PMN Effector Cell Function during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Corneal Infection." Abstract excerpt: Previous work examining the therapeutic efficacy of adjunct thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) to ciprofloxacin for ocular infectious disease has revealed markedly reduced inflammation (inflammatory mediators and innate immune cells) with increased activation of wound healing pathways. Understanding the therapeutic mechanisms of action have further revealed a synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin to enha
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Adjunctive Thymosin Beta-4 Treatment Influences MΦ Effector Cell Function to Improve Disease Outcome in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>-Induced Keratitis." Abstract excerpt: Our previous work has shown that topical thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) as an adjunct to ciprofloxacin treatment reduces inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cell infiltrates (neutrophils/PMN and macrophages/MΦ) while enhancing bacterial killing and wound healing pathway activation in an experimental model of P. aeruginosa -induced keratitis. This study aimed to mechanistically examine how T
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Upregulated Tβ4 expression in inflammatory bowel disease impairs the intestinal mucus barrier by inhibiting autophagy in mice." Abstract excerpt: Disrupted intestinal barrier homeostasis is fundamental to inflammatory bowel disease. Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) improves inflammation and has beneficial effects in dry-eye diseases, but its effects on the intestinal mucus barrier remain unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the underlying regulatory mechanisms and effects of Tβ4 by examining Tβ4 expression in a mouse model with
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/ microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application." Abstract excerpt: Microfiber yarns (MY) have been widely employed to construct tendon tissue grafts. However, suboptimal ultrastructure and inappropriate environments for cell interactions limit their clinical application. Herein, we designed a modified electrospinning device to coat poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) PLGA nanofibers onto polylactic acid (PLA) MY to generate PLGA/PLA hybrid yarns (HY), which had a well-
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Function of Thymosin Beta-4 in Ethanol-Induced Microglial Activation" Abstract excerpt: Neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia may play a pivotal role in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) pathologic conditions, including ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of Tβ4 in ethanol-induced microglia activation. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted to assess the expression of Tβ4 and miR-339-5p. Western bl
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Expression of thymosin beta-4 in human periodontal ligament cells and mouse periodontal tissue and its role in osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation." Abstract excerpt: A recent report showed that thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is expressed during the development of tooth germ, but its effect on osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation is a controversial topic. Furthermore, the precise expression and function of Tβ4 in periodontal tissue remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the immunolocalization of Tβ4 in the devel
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis." Abstract excerpt: Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a recurrent common inflammatory skin disease that affects all ethnic groups in all regions worldwide. However, no specific treatment or preventive measure is yet available. Identifying effective treatments with acceptable safety and tolerability is desirable. In this study, scalp microbiota alterations were measured in SD, showing significantly greater abundance of Ma
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta-4 Protects against Mouse Coronavirus Infection." Abstract excerpt: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped and harbor an unusually large (30-32 kb) positive-strand linear RNA genome. Highly pathogenic coronaviruses cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (MERS-CoV) in humans. The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infects mice and serves as an ideal model of viral pathogenesis, mainly be
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer." Abstract excerpt: DNA aneuploidy has been identified as a prognostic factor for epithelial malignancies. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful tool for direct analysis of multiple proteins in tissue sections while maintaining the cellular and molecular integrity. We compared diploid and aneuploid colon cancer tissues against normal mucosa of the colon by m
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) plays a critical role in breast cancer progression, yet its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we identified that Tβ4 is significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines, and its high expression correlates with poor clinical outcomes. Functionally, Tβ4 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, epithelial-mesenc
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Targeted heart repair by Tβ4-loaded cardiac-resident macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles modified with monocyte membranes." Abstract excerpt: Recent studies have demonstrated the critical role of cardiac-resident macrophages (cMacs) in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. However, recruitment of circulating monocyte-derived macrophages decreases cMac levels post-myocardial infarction (MI). Transplanting cMacs is not an ideal option due to their low survival rates and the risk of immunological rejection. However, extracellular v
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Antimicrobial Effects of Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Induced Keratitis." Abstract excerpt: Prior work has indicated that thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) administered with ciprofloxacin markedly improves disease outcome for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA)-induced keratitis. As a result, the goal of the current study was to elucidate mechanisms by which Tβ4 mitigates the corneal response; specifically, regarding its bactericidal influence and potential synergy with ciprofloxacin. An in vitr
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "A Novel Combination Therapy Tβ4/VIP Protects against Hyperglycemia-Induced Changes in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells." Abstract excerpt: Despite the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, the majority of adult diabetic patients develop visually debilitating corneal complications, including impaired wound healing. Unfortunately, there is limited treatment for diabetes-induced corneal damage. The current project investigates a novel, peptide-based combination therapy, thymosin beta-4 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (Tβ4/VIP), ag
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway." Abstract excerpt: Autologous fat grafting is a widely used technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery, but its efficacy is often limited by the poor survival rate of transplanted adipose tissue. This study aims to enhance the survival of fat grafts by investigating the role of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) in facilitating mitochondrial transfer from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to adipocytes and newly form
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Expression and localisation of thymosin beta-4 in the developing human early fetal heart." Abstract excerpt: The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and localisation of thymosin β4 (Tβ4) in the developing human heart. Tβ4 is a cardioprotective protein which may have therapeutic potential. While Tβ4 is an endogenously produced protein with known importance during development, its role within the developing human heart is not fully understood. Elucidating the l
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "The actin-sequestering protein thymosin beta-4 is a novel target of hypoxia-inducible nitric oxide and HIF-1α regulation." Abstract excerpt: The actin-sequestering protein thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is involved in various cellular and physiological processes such as proliferation, motility, growth and metastasis. Nitric oxide (NO) promotes tumor invasiveness and metastasis by activating various enzymes. Herein, we investigated whether hypoxia-inducible NO regulates Tβ4 expression and cancer cell migration using HeLa cervical can
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Recombinant Human Thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) Modulates the Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC)-Induced Dry Eye Disease." Abstract excerpt: Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular disorder that interferes with daily living and reduces quality of life. However, there is no most ideal therapeutic treatment to address all the deleterious defects of DED. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of recombinant human thymosin β4 (rhTβ4) to promote healing in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced mice DED
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Multiple functional involvement of thymosin beta-4 in tooth germ development." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is known to be ubiquitously involved in the actin monomer sequestering on the cytoskeleton. Our previous study showed specific temporal and special in situ expression pattern of Tβ4 mRNA in dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the developing tooth germ of the mouse lower first molar. In this study, we examined the functional implications of Tβ4 in the
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by thymosin beta-4 is associated with gastric cancer cell migration." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), actin-sequestering protein, plays important roles in many cellular functions including cancer cell migrations. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) in Wnt signaling pathway is a key molecule to control intercellular interaction. Here, we investigated whether GSK-3 activity is regulated by Tβ4 and it is associated with Tβ4-mediated migration in gastric cancer cell
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce thymosin beta-4 and alter actin cytoskeletal organization in human colorectal cancer cells." Abstract excerpt: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for their anti-inflammatory effects and have been shown to have chemopreventive effects as well. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity to exert their anti-inflammatory effects, but it is not clear whether their antitumorigenic ability is through COX inhibition. Using subtractive hybridization, we previously identified a novel mem
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Abstract excerpt: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents a major health concern worldwide. We applied the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) to analyze paired normal (N) and tumor (T) samples from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as well as liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis in HNSCC cell lines to identify t
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Identification and characterization of thymosin beta-4 in chicken macrophages using whole cell MALDI-TOF." Abstract excerpt: The aim of the study was to determine chicken monocyte- and granulocyte-associated peptides and proteins using "whole cell" matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and to characterize the peptides based on their abundance. The mass spectra showed a prominent peak at m/z 4963 in monocytes/macrophages but not in the granulocytes. Subsequent purific
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Effect of toll-like receptor activation on thymosin beta-4 production by chicken macrophages." Abstract excerpt: Thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) is an actin-binding intracellular peptide that promotes wound healing, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. The mechanism of Tβ4 secretion to the extracellular environment is not understood. The macrophage is a rich source of Tβ4 which also participates in wound healing process. The objective of this study was to find how Tβ4 may be externalized. Using
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors." Abstract excerpt: Overexpression of thymosin beta-4 has been linked to malignant progression but the localization of this polypeptide within tumors is incompletely known. We therefore examined breast cancers for thymosin beta-4 using immunofluorescence. Reactive cells were identified with monoclonal cell marker antibodies. A very heterogeneous staining pattern for thymosin beta-4 was observed. Thus, while leukocyte
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Possibility of HIV gp41 and thymosin beta-4 sharing the same antigenic epitope" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Expression of thymosin beta-4 and related genes in developing human brain" Abstract excerpt: The retinoic acid-responsive thymosin beta-10 gene is known to be developmentally regulated in the human brain. We now report the novel finding that thymosin beta-4, a structurally related 5-kDa actin-sequestering protein, is also subject to a similar but not identical pattern of expression during normal human neuroembryogenesis. However, while thymosin beta-10 mRNA was undetectable (by northern b
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4, induces paclitaxel resistance through ROS/HIF-1α stabilization in HeLa human cervical tumor cells" Abstract excerpt: We investigated whether actin-sequestering protein, thymosin beta-4 (TB4)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) affect the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF)-1alpha and paclitaxel-resistance induction. HeLa human cervical tumor cells were used. The percentage of cell survival was determined by MTT assay. ROS production, cell cycle and hypodiploid cell formation were asse
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Thymosin beta-4 upregulates anti-oxidative enzymes and protects human cornea epithelial cells against oxidative damage" Abstract excerpt: The ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial for cornea epithelial cells to resist oxidative damage. The authors previously demonstrated that exogenous thymosin beta-4 (T beta(4)) was able to protect human cornea epithelial (HCE-T) cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage, and its cellular internalisation was essential. The aim of this study is to further elucidate its p
Content-verified record concerning Thymosin beta-4: "Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer." Abstract excerpt: Despite major advances in its diagnosis and treatment, gastric cancer (GC) remains a major life-threatening disease. Treatment of the disease is further aggravated by the lack of diagnostic biomarkers that can aid in the early detection of GC and promote its favorable prognosis. The present work aims to identify novel diagnostic biomarkers for GC. The present work is a case-control study that focu