LL-37

World Peptide Foundation

Where is LL-37 being studied?

Find registered human studies, phases, products, recruitment status and reported research locations around the world. Registry search matches are separate from this profile’s reviewed evidence.

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Scientific intelligence record

Experience 2.0

Antimicrobial peptide

Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide with membrane-active, immunomodulatory, and wound-biology roles.

Record status

Traceability partial

Last meaningful update: 9/20/2026

Evidence searched through:: Not recorded
Assessment updated:: 9/20/2026
Documented human review:: No documented human review recorded
Automated scientific assessment:: None recorded
AI source check:: 9/26/2026

Published source links and profile text pass separate gates. Only a documented human review is labelled as human review; an automated scientific assessment applies deterministic checks, and an AI source check confirms only that a source exists and matches its identifiers. A source count alone does not establish a review.

Evidence coverage has three distinct layers. The corpus count is a transparent screening inventory, the featured set contains study-level tiering and interpretation, and the published-source count contains records promoted through the institutional publication workflow. Source validation, editorial publication, and scientific appraisal are separate decisions; these numbers must not be merged.

Ranked research corpus

500

Categorized publications with provisional ranking; scientific review remains separate.

Featured tiered studies

Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.

Research domains

Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.

Published source records

Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.

Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled so screening is not represented as completed review.

Human experience · separate evidence stream

No community pattern is displayed yet

Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.

Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.

Public display gate

n ≥ 20 eligible observations

Exact progress remains private before the threshold.

Contribute an observation Archive details

Intelligence snapshot

The state of the record

A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.

Ranked research corpus

500

Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.

Featured tiered studies

Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.

Research domains

Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.

Published source records

Source records published through the governed workflow; this count does not certify scientific conclusions.

Contradictions

Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.

Research gaps

Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.

Connected media

Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.

What we know

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.

Reconciled domain conclusions

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

LL-37 no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded synthesis, confidence level, evidence context, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps. Publication of these syntheses is separate from the scientific review status shown above.

Inspect the reconciled evidence atlas

Inspect the published evidence record25 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓

2017Phase 1–2 human evidence

Circulating cathelicidin LL-37 in adult patients with pulmonary infectious diseases.

PubMed-indexed clinical trial; journal article examining circulating cathelicidin ll-37 in adult patients with pulmonary infectious diseases. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Karol Majewski; Paulina Żelechowska; Ewa Brzezińska-Błaszczyk
Source: Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale
DOI: 10.25011/cim.v40i1.28052
PubMed: 28218580

Open original source

2017Phase 1–2 human evidence

Serum level of cathelicidin LL-37 in patients with active tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.

PubMed-indexed comparative study; journal article; randomized controlled trial examining serum level of cathelicidin ll-37 in patients with active tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: K Majewski; J Agier; E Kozłowska; E Brzezińska-Błaszczyk
Source: Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents
PubMed: 28956425

Open original source

2024Observational human evidence

Salivary Cathelicidin (LL-37) in Children and Adolescents Living with HIV.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining salivary cathelicidin (ll-37) in children and adolescents living with hiv. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Ana Lucia Seminario; Ashley E Karczewski; Whasun Chung; Yan Wang; Dalton Wamalwa; Sarah Benki-Nugent; Grace John-Stewart; Jennifer A Slyker; Arthur Kemoli
Source: Biomedicine hub
DOI: 10.1159/000535596
PubMed: 38287973

Open original source

2020Observational human evidence

Cathelicidin LL-37 (an antimicrobial peptide)-induced colistin dependence in Acinetobacter baumannii.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining cathelicidin ll-37 (an antimicrobial peptide)-induced colistin dependence in acinetobacter baumannii. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Ji-Young Lee; Yoon-Kyoung Hong; Kwan Soo Ko
Source: Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114965
PubMed: 32019695

Open original source

2017Observational human evidence

Cathelicidin (LL-37) and human β2-defensin levels of children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.

PubMed-indexed journal article; multicenter study examining cathelicidin (ll-37) and human β2-defensin levels of children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Ahmet Hakan Gedik; Erkan Cakir; Yasemin Gokdemir; Zeynep Seda Uyan; Abdurrahim Kocyigit; Emel Torun; Bulent Karadag; Refika Ersu; Fazilet Karakoc
Source: The clinical respiratory journal
DOI: 10.1111/crj.12331
PubMed: 26073571

Open original source

2018Observational human evidence

The impact of cathelicidin, the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in urinary tract infections.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining the impact of cathelicidin, the human antimicrobial peptide ll-37 in urinary tract infections. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Ibrahim H Babikir; Elsir A Abugroun; Naser Eldin Bilal; Abdullah Ali Alghasham; Elmuataz Elmansi Abdalla; Ishag Adam
Source: BMC infectious diseases
DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5393.1494
PubMed: 29310594

Open original source

2025Observational human evidence

Study of cathelicidin (LL-37) immunoexpression in the skin of vitiligo patients.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining study of cathelicidin (ll-37) immunoexpression in the skin of vitiligo patients. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Lamia Hamouda Elgarhy; Basma Ramadan Refaey Ramadan; Fersan Abd Allah Sallam; Dalya Ayman Iskandarani; El-Sayed Shaaban Hewedy
Source: Archives of dermatological research
DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2020.1757018
PubMed: 39873762

Open original source

2016Observational human evidence

Human cathelicidin LL-37 inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis via Src/PI3K/Akt signaling.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining human cathelicidin ll-37 inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis via src/pi3k/akt signaling. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Wen Su; Yahui Chen; Caihui Wang; Xue Ding; Gamariel Rwibasira; Yi Kong
Source: Biochemical and biophysical research communications
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.095
PubMed: 27012197

Open original source

2023Observational human evidence

Cathelicidin LL-37 Activates Human Keratinocyte Autophagy through the P2X₇, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin, and MAPK Pathways.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining cathelicidin ll-37 activates human keratinocyte autophagy through the p2x₇, mechanistic target of rapamycin, and mapk pathways. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Risa Ikutama; Ge Peng; Saya Tsukamoto; Yoshie Umehara; Juan Valentin Trujillo-Paez; Hainan Yue; Hai Le Thanh Nguyen; Miho Takahashi; Shun Kageyama; Masaaki Komatsu; Ko Okumura; Hideoki Ogawa
Source: The Journal of investigative dermatology
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.020
PubMed: 36455652

Open original source

2011Observational human evidence

The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining the human cathelicidin, ll-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in cytotoxic t lymphocytes. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Jamie S Mader; Marcelo Marcet-Palacios; Robert E W Hancock; R Chris Bleackley
Source: Experimental cell research
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.11.015
PubMed: 21134367

Open original source

2017Observational human evidence

Serum levels of peptide cathelicidin LL-37 in elderly patients with depression.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining serum levels of peptide cathelicidin ll-37 in elderly patients with depression. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Elżbieta Kozłowska; Adam Wysokiński; Ewa Brzezińska-Błaszczyk
Source: Psychiatry research
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.036
PubMed: 28550757

Open original source

2021Observational human evidence

Cathelicidin LL-37 Ignites Primed NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Rosacea.

PubMed-indexed journal article; comment examining cathelicidin ll-37 ignites primed nlrp3 inflammasomes in rosacea. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: David O Croitoru; Vincent Piguet
Source: The Journal of investigative dermatology
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.024
PubMed: 34565561

Open original source

2022Observational human evidence

Engineered Exosomes Containing Cathelicidin/LL-37 Exhibit Multiple Biological Functions.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, n.i.h., extramural; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining engineered exosomes containing cathelicidin/ll-37 exhibit multiple biological functions. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Yajuan Su; Navatha Shree Sharma; Johnson V John; Gitali Ganguli-Indra; Arup K Indra; Adrian F Gombart; Jingwei Xie
Source: Advanced healthcare materials
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200849
PubMed: 35930707

Open original source

2017Observational human evidence

Cathelicidin (LL-37) level in the scalp hair of patients with tinea capitis.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining cathelicidin (ll-37) level in the scalp hair of patients with tinea capitis. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Nagwa H Abdelaal; Laila A Rashed; Sahar Y Ibrahim; Mona H Abd El Halim; Noha Ghoneim; Noha A Saleh; Marwah A Saleh
Source: Medical mycology
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw132
PubMed: 27915299

Open original source

2020Observational human evidence

Salivary and serum cathelicidin LL-37 levels in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis.

PubMed-indexed comparative study; journal article examining salivary and serum cathelicidin ll-37 levels in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Chia Wei Cheah; Anis Rageh Al-Maleki; Jamuna Vadivelu; Mahmoud Danaee; Sargunan Sockalingam; Nor Adinar Baharuddin; Rathna Devi Vaithilingam
Source: International journal of rheumatic diseases
DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.13919
PubMed: 32743970

Open original source

2024Observational human evidence

Human Cathelicidin, LL-37 a potential antiviral therapeutic for Rift Valley Fever Virus in Egypt.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining human cathelicidin, ll-37 a potential antiviral therapeutic for rift valley fever virus in egypt. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Engy M Ahmed; Abeer A Boseila; Amro S Hanora; Samar M Solyman
Source: Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)
DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2024.70.8.1
PubMed: 39262269

Open original source

2024Observational human evidence

Vitamin D triggers hCAP18/LL-37 production: Implications for LL-37-induced human osteoblast cytotoxicity.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining vitamin d triggers hcap18/ll-37 production: implications for ll-37-induced human osteoblast cytotoxicity. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Alexandra Aidoukovitch; Elisabeth Bankell; Daniel Svensson; Bengt-Olof Nilsson
Source: Biochemical and biophysical research communications
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149962
PubMed: 38642493

Open original source

2021Animal research

Efficacy of Cathelicidin LL-37 in an MRSA Wound Infection Mouse Model.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining efficacy of cathelicidin ll-37 in an mrsa wound infection mouse model. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Oriana Simonetti; Oscar Cirioni; Gaia Goteri; Guendalina Lucarini; Elżbieta Kamysz; Wojciech Kamysz; Fiorenza Orlando; Giulio Rizzetto; Elisa Molinelli; Gianluca Morroni; Roberto Ghiselli; Mauro Provinciali
Source: Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1663-1
PubMed: 34680791

Open original source

2024Animal research

Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating TFEB-dependent autophagy.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining cathelicidin ll-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating tfeb-dependent autophagy. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Liuqing Xi; Juan Du; Wen Xue; Kan Shao; Xiaohong Jiang; Wenfang Peng; Wenyi Li; Shan Huang
Source: Peptides
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171183
PubMed: 38423213

Open original source

2023Laboratory research

Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining cathelicidin (ll-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of kawasaki disease by activating tlr4-nf-κb-nlrp3 signaling. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Feifei Si; Yaheng Lu; Yizhou Wen; Tingting Chen; Yingzi Zhang; Yanfeng Yang
Source: Immunity, inflammation and disease
DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1032
PubMed: 37773705

Open original source

2011Laboratory research

Cathelicidin LL-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, n.i.h., extramural; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining cathelicidin ll-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Fitzroy J Byfield; Qi Wen; Katarzyna Leszczynska; Alina Kulakowska; Zbigniew Namiot; Paul A Janmey; Robert Bucki
Source: American journal of physiology. Cell physiology
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00158.2010
PubMed: 20943960

Open original source

2011Laboratory research

The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in regulatory T cells.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining the human cathelicidin, ll-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in regulatory t cells. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Jamie S Mader; Catherine Ewen; Robert E W Hancock; Robert C Bleackley
Source: Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)
DOI: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e318207ecdf
PubMed: 21389875

Open original source

2022Laboratory research

Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 Induces Cell Death in Autophagy-Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells.

PubMed-indexed journal article; research support, non-u.s. gov't examining human cathelicidin peptide ll-37 induces cell death in autophagy-dysfunctional endothelial cells. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Kaori Suzuki; Mari Ohkuma; Akimasa Someya; Tomoya Mita; Isao Nagaoka
Source: Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100050
PubMed: 35387840

Open original source

2016Laboratory research

Human cathelicidin, LL-37, inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in polarized airway epithelial cells.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining human cathelicidin, ll-37, inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in polarized airway epithelial cells. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Jennifer L Harcourt; Melissa McDonald; Pavel Svoboda; Jan Pohl; Kathleen Tatti; Lia M Haynes
Source: BMC research notes
DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.10.1967
PubMed: 26732674

Open original source

2026Laboratory research

Cathelicidin LL-37-Induced Transcriptome of Human Keratinocyte Identifies Chemokine CXCL10 Link to T-Cell-Mediated Rosacea Pathogenesis through Jak1/STAT1 Pathway.

PubMed-indexed journal article examining cathelicidin ll-37-induced transcriptome of human keratinocyte identifies chemokine cxcl10 link to t-cell-mediated rosacea pathogenesis through jak1/stat1 pathway. Machine-staged source candidate; findings and limitations require accountable review before publication.

Authors: Abdul W Ansari; Tanwir Habib; Fareed Ahmad; Thesni Raheed; Cynthia S Elizabeth; Sara Al-Harami; Anh Jochebeth; Martin Steinhoff
Source: The Journal of investigative dermatology
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2025.08.003
PubMed: 40835085

Open original source

Scientific context

Chemistry and represented biological context

Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.

Open chemistry and biological context ↓

Chemical identity

Molecular and structural record

Structured record

Molecular formula: C205H340N60O53
Molecular weight (Da): 4493
Amino acid sequence: LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES
InChIKey: POIUWJQBRNEFGX-XAMSXPGMSA-N

Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.

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Research hub

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Methodology

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Research

How the scientific record is developing

Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.

Research chronology

2011 · study · Temporal status not established
The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Experimental cell research
2011 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin LL-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability.
American journal of physiology. Cell physiology
2011 · study · Temporal status not established
The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in regulatory T cells.
Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997)
2016 · study · Temporal status not established
Human cathelicidin LL-37 inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis via Src/PI3K/Akt signaling.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications
2016 · study · Temporal status not established
Human cathelicidin, LL-37, inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in polarized airway epithelial cells.
BMC research notes
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Circulating cathelicidin LL-37 in adult patients with pulmonary infectious diseases.
Clinical and investigative medicine. Medecine clinique et experimentale
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Serum level of cathelicidin LL-37 in patients with active tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.
Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin (LL-37) and human β2-defensin levels of children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.
The clinical respiratory journal
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Serum levels of peptide cathelicidin LL-37 in elderly patients with depression.
Psychiatry research
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin (LL-37) level in the scalp hair of patients with tinea capitis.
Medical mycology
2018 · study · Temporal status not established
The impact of cathelicidin, the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in urinary tract infections.
BMC infectious diseases
2020 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin LL-37 (an antimicrobial peptide)-induced colistin dependence in Acinetobacter baumannii.
Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease
2020 · study · Temporal status not established
Salivary and serum cathelicidin LL-37 levels in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis.
International journal of rheumatic diseases
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin LL-37 Ignites Primed NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Rosacea.
The Journal of investigative dermatology
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
Efficacy of Cathelicidin LL-37 in an MRSA Wound Infection Mouse Model.
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
2022 · study · Temporal status not established
Engineered Exosomes Containing Cathelicidin/LL-37 Exhibit Multiple Biological Functions.
Advanced healthcare materials
2022 · study · Temporal status not established
Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 Induces Cell Death in Autophagy-Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
2023 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin LL-37 Activates Human Keratinocyte Autophagy through the P2X₇, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin, and MAPK Pathways.
The Journal of investigative dermatology
2023 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling.
Immunity, inflammation and disease
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Salivary Cathelicidin (LL-37) in Children and Adolescents Living with HIV.
Biomedicine hub
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Human Cathelicidin, LL-37 a potential antiviral therapeutic for Rift Valley Fever Virus in Egypt.
Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Vitamin D triggers hCAP18/LL-37 production: Implications for LL-37-induced human osteoblast cytotoxicity.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating TFEB-dependent autophagy.
Peptides
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
Study of cathelicidin (LL-37) immunoexpression in the skin of vitiligo patients.
Archives of dermatological research
2026 · study · Temporal status not established
Cathelicidin LL-37-Induced Transcriptome of Human Keratinocyte Identifies Chemokine CXCL10 Link to T-Cell-Mediated Rosacea Pathogenesis through Jak1/STAT1 Pathway.
The Journal of investigative dermatology
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: not_approved
European Union
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: not_approved
United States

The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.

1 represented evidence record

Years represented: 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: Biomedicine hub

Connections

Follow the scientific relationships

Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.

Reviewer provenance state

“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.

Domain conclusion → Evidence

Connected

Evidence → Source

Connected

Source → Original record

Connected

Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.

Reconciled for 6 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.

Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the LL-37 evidence-governance section.

Inspect the ranked source records

Observational archive

What contributors reported

Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.

Observational boundary

Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.

Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.

Regulatory context

Published jurisdictional records

Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.

European Union

Regulator: Not represented

not_approved

As of: 9/9/2026 · Temporal status not established

Regulatory context incomplete: regulator.

EMA medicines portal

United States

Regulator: Not represented

not_approved

As of: 9/9/2026 · Temporal status not established

Regulatory context incomplete: regulator.

FDA Drugs@FDA / official FDA record

Research + media

Media connected to this scientific record

Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.

No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.

Sources + provenance

Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact

The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.

Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.

Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.

Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.

Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.

Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.

Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.

Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.

A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.

Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.

Generated: 11/8/2026, 5:24:45 PM

global evidence atlas

LL-37 research, ranked and separated by purpose

This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.

706Discoverable source universe

500Ranked screening records

6Research domains

0Accountably approved conclusions

SearchDomainEvidence class

LL-37: what this atlas does and does not establish

Last checked: 2026-09-18
Accountable publication approval: Not yet approved by a named accountable reviewer. Machine screening only.

No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction

Absence of a record in this pass is not proof that no authorization exists. Status must remain jurisdiction-, product-, formulation-, and date-specific.

European Unionnot approvedchecked 2026-09-09
EMA medicines portal
United Statesnot approvedchecked 2026-09-09
FDA Drugs@FDA / official FDA record

No machine-proposed evidence-strength grades exist yet for this compound; all screening records are unassigned pending further review.

LL-37 evidence · ranking key

How evidence is ranked

A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.

Practice-defining evidence

Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.

Strong supporting evidence

Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.

Contextual evidence

Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.

Signal-generating evidence

Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.

Tier and confidence answer different questions

Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.

Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.

peptide explorer

Structural visualization and provenance

Evidence-class labeling remains visible even when interactive rendering is unavailable. Representative geometry is not an experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation.

Fully specified molecular identity

Molecular formula: C205H340N60O53
Molecular weight: 4493.3 g/mol
Exact identity / sequence notation: H-Leu-Leu-Gly-Asp-Phe-Phe-Arg-Lys-Ser-Lys-Glu-Lys-Ile-Gly-Lys-Glu-Phe-Lys-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Arg-Ile-Lys-Asp-Phe-Leu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Val-Pro-Arg-Thr-Glu-Ser-OH
Identity-defining modifications: 37-residue mature peptide proteolytically released from human CAMP
Free C-terminal carboxyl
UniProt parent: P49913 residues 134–170
InChIKey: POIUWJQBRNEFGX-XAMSXPGMSA-N

Sequence identity is mapped to its UniProt precursor; the viewer does not assert one environment-independent LL-37 conformation.

Sources: UniProt — Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (P49913) · reviewed 2026-09-17

Representative sequence-derived model

Structure source: Generated from this record's governed amino-acid sequence
Identifier: Not applicable — not a database structure
Method: Schematic layout ordered by residue position only; not a molecular-dynamics, homology, or fold prediction
Confidence / limitations: Illustrative only. Not physically accurate; carries no structural, binding-site, or activity meaning.
Provenance: WPF governed PeptideChemistry record
Retrieved / last reviewed: 2026-09-17

This is a representative, sequence-derived model ordered by residue position only. It is not the peptide's experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation, and it carries no claim about real bond angles, distances, secondary structure, binding sites, or activity.

Suggested citation

APA
World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). LL-37 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 20, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/ll-37
AMA / Vancouver
World Peptide Foundation. LL-37 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 20, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/ll-37

Where is LL-37 being studied?

LL-37

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The state of the record

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

Circulating cathelicidin LL-37 in adult patients with pulmonary infectious diseases.

Serum level of cathelicidin LL-37 in patients with active tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.

Salivary Cathelicidin (LL-37) in Children and Adolescents Living with HIV.

Cathelicidin LL-37 (an antimicrobial peptide)-induced colistin dependence in Acinetobacter baumannii.

Cathelicidin (LL-37) and human β2-defensin levels of children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.

The impact of cathelicidin, the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in urinary tract infections.

Study of cathelicidin (LL-37) immunoexpression in the skin of vitiligo patients.

Human cathelicidin LL-37 inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis via Src/PI3K/Akt signaling.

Cathelicidin LL-37 Activates Human Keratinocyte Autophagy through the P2X₇, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin, and MAPK Pathways.

The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Serum levels of peptide cathelicidin LL-37 in elderly patients with depression.

Cathelicidin LL-37 Ignites Primed NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Rosacea.

Engineered Exosomes Containing Cathelicidin/LL-37 Exhibit Multiple Biological Functions.

Cathelicidin (LL-37) level in the scalp hair of patients with tinea capitis.

Salivary and serum cathelicidin LL-37 levels in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis.

Human Cathelicidin, LL-37 a potential antiviral therapeutic for Rift Valley Fever Virus in Egypt.

Vitamin D triggers hCAP18/LL-37 production: Implications for LL-37-induced human osteoblast cytotoxicity.

Efficacy of Cathelicidin LL-37 in an MRSA Wound Infection Mouse Model.

Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating TFEB-dependent autophagy.

Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling.

Cathelicidin LL-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability.

The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in regulatory T cells.

Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 Induces Cell Death in Autophagy-Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells.

Human cathelicidin, LL-37, inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in polarized airway epithelial cells.

Cathelicidin LL-37-Induced Transcriptome of Human Keratinocyte Identifies Chemokine CXCL10 Link to T-Cell-Mediated Rosacea Pathogenesis through Jak1/STAT1 Pathway.

Chemistry and represented biological context

Molecular and structural record

Continue through the research system

Research discovery

How the scientific record is developing

Research chronology

The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Cathelicidin LL-37 peptide regulates endothelial cell stiffness and endothelial barrier permeability.

The human cathelicidin, LL-37, induces granzyme-mediated apoptosis in regulatory T cells.

Human cathelicidin LL-37 inhibits platelet aggregation and thrombosis via Src/PI3K/Akt signaling.

Human cathelicidin, LL-37, inhibits respiratory syncytial virus infection in polarized airway epithelial cells.

Circulating cathelicidin LL-37 in adult patients with pulmonary infectious diseases.

Serum level of cathelicidin LL-37 in patients with active tuberculosis and other infectious diseases.

Cathelicidin (LL-37) and human β2-defensin levels of children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.

Serum levels of peptide cathelicidin LL-37 in elderly patients with depression.

Cathelicidin (LL-37) level in the scalp hair of patients with tinea capitis.

The impact of cathelicidin, the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 in urinary tract infections.

Cathelicidin LL-37 (an antimicrobial peptide)-induced colistin dependence in Acinetobacter baumannii.

Salivary and serum cathelicidin LL-37 levels in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic periodontitis.

Cathelicidin LL-37 Ignites Primed NLRP3 Inflammasomes in Rosacea.

Efficacy of Cathelicidin LL-37 in an MRSA Wound Infection Mouse Model.

Engineered Exosomes Containing Cathelicidin/LL-37 Exhibit Multiple Biological Functions.

Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 Induces Cell Death in Autophagy-Dysfunctional Endothelial Cells.

Cathelicidin LL-37 Activates Human Keratinocyte Autophagy through the P2X₇, Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin, and MAPK Pathways.

Cathelicidin (LL-37) causes expression of inflammatory factors in coronary artery endothelial cells of Kawasaki disease by activating TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling.

Salivary Cathelicidin (LL-37) in Children and Adolescents Living with HIV.

Human Cathelicidin, LL-37 a potential antiviral therapeutic for Rift Valley Fever Virus in Egypt.

Vitamin D triggers hCAP18/LL-37 production: Implications for LL-37-induced human osteoblast cytotoxicity.

Cathelicidin LL-37 promotes wound healing in diabetic mice by regulating TFEB-dependent autophagy.

Study of cathelicidin (LL-37) immunoexpression in the skin of vitiligo patients.

Cathelicidin LL-37-Induced Transcriptome of Human Keratinocyte Identifies Chemokine CXCL10 Link to T-Cell-Mediated Rosacea Pathogenesis through Jak1/STAT1 Pathway.

Regulatory review: not_approved

Regulatory review: not_approved

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

Abdul W Ansari

Abdullah Ali Alghasham

Abdurrahim Kocyigit

Abeer A Boseila

Adam Wysokiński

Adrian F Gombart

Ahmet Hakan Gedik

Akimasa Someya

Alexandra Aidoukovitch

Alina Kulakowska

Amro S Hanora

Ana Lucia Seminario

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The Journal of investigative dermatology