Scientific intelligence record
Experience 2.0
Endogenous peptide hormone
Glucagon is an endogenous peptide hormone central to glucose regulation. The hormone, glucagon-containing medicines, and drugs that target glucagon or GLP-1 pathways answer different biological and clinical questions.
Record status
Traceability partial
Last meaningful update: 9/23/2026
Ranked research corpus
500
Categorized publications with transparent machine-proposed ranking; human appraisal pending.
global evidence atlas
This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.
500 matching records · ranked 2026-09-18
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Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42652907 · DOI 10.3390/life16081219
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID pmcid:pmc13556605
human-observational
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID pmcid:pmc13556763
contextual-unclassified
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID pmcid:pmc13556412
human-observational
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42224238 · DOI 10.1021/acs.orglett.6c02001
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID doi:10.64898/2026.07.11.26357811 · DOI 10.64898/2026.07.11.26357811
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42298732 · DOI 10.1002/edm2.70260
human-observational
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42555711 · DOI 10.1126/sciadv.aef4951
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42630779 · DOI 10.1016/j.xfre.2026.06.005
contextual-unclassified
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42091883 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-026-72630-2
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42045526 · DOI 10.1038/s43856-026-01618-2
human-observational
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41973537 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00236.2025
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42448581 · DOI 10.3934/mbe.2026060
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID pmcid:pmc13145756
contextual-unclassified
Europe PMC · 2026 · Source ID pmcid:pmc13144785
human-interventional
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41403207 · DOI 10.1093/asj/sjaf244
human-observational
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42719083 · DOI 10.3389/fphys.2026.1907805
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41877757 · DOI 10.1136/bmjmed-2026-002704
contextual-unclassified
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42076099 · DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics18040447
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42568245 · DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.00195.2026
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42574696 · DOI 10.1113/jp291081
preclinical-animal
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42712058 · DOI 10.1111/dom.71273
human-interventional
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42309434 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2026.06.008
human-observational
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42580921 · DOI 10.1053/j.jvca.2026.07.030
human-interventional
Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41825835 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2026.03.015
human-observational
governance and regulatory context
No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.
5 FDA structured product label record(s) were identified for this compound name in openFDA. Label presence reflects an approved product exists under that name; it is not a claim about the specific formulation, dose, or use being discussed anywhere else on this page.
No machine-proposed evidence-strength grades exist yet for this compound; all screening records are unassigned pending further review.
Glucagon evidence · ranking key
A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.
Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.
Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.
Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.
Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.
APA
World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). Glucagon — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 23, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/glucagon
AMA / Vancouver
World Peptide Foundation. Glucagon — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 23, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/glucagon
Featured tiered studies
0
Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.
Research domains
6
Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.
Governed reviewed evidence
179
Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.
Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled to prevent automated screening from being represented as completed human review.
Human experience · separate evidence stream
Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.
Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.
Public display gate
n ≥ 20 eligible observations
Exact progress remains private before the threshold.
Intelligence snapshot
A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.
Ranked research corpus
500
Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.
Featured tiered studies
0
Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.
Research domains
6
Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.
Governed reviewed evidence
179
Reviewed database records promoted through the governed publication workflow.
Contradictions
0
Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.
Research gaps
1
Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.
Connected media
0
Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.
What we know
The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.
Reconciled domain conclusions
Glucagon no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded conclusion, confidence level, evidence synthesis, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps.
Inspect the reconciled evidence atlasContent-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Partial restoration of counterregulatory circulating glucagon by dapagliflozin and low-dose glibenclamide in men with type 1 diabetes: in vitro studies and randomised clinical crossover trial." Abstract excerpt: Hypoglycaemia, a common complication of insulin-treated diabetes, especially type 1 diabetes (T1D), is caused by impaired counterregulatory increases in plasma glucagon, leading to decreased hepatic glucose production. Alpha-cells in the pancreatic islets, which have sulfonylurea-sensitive ATP-regulated potassium (K ATP ) channels, secrete glucagon at low plasma glucose levels in response to incre
Scientific context
Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.
Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.
Explore further
Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.
Research
Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.
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European Union — EMA
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United States — FDA
The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.
No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.
Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.
Connections
Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.
institution
institution
Traceability
The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.
Source publication state
A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.
Reviewer provenance state
“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.
Domain conclusion → Evidence
Connected
Evidence → Source
Connected
Source → Original record
Connected
Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.
Reconciled for 6 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.
Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the Glucagon evidence-governance section.
Inspect the ranked source recordsObservational archive
Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.
Observational boundary
Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.
Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.
Regulatory context
Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.
European Union — EMA
Regulator: EMA
As of: 9/23/2026 · Temporal status not established
United States — FDA
Regulator: FDA
As of: 9/23/2026 · Temporal status not established
Research + media
Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.
No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.
Sources + provenance
Generated: 9/24/2026, 3:24:47 AM
Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.
Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Effect of somatostatin receptor 2 antagonism on glucagon counterregulation during a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic-hypoglycaemic glucose clamp in adult men and women with long-standing type 1 diabetes: a randomised crossover phase 1 study." Abstract excerpt: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a novel somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) antagonist, ZT-01, on impaired glucagon counterregulation in hypoglycaemia and its safety in adults with type 1 diabetes. In a randomised crossover phase 1b single-site study, blinded to both participants and researchers, participants, aged 18-65 years with BMI 18.5-27 kg/m 2 with type 1 diabetes (HbA 1c 4
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Glucagonotropic Effect of GIP Is Negated During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study." Abstract excerpt: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP[1-42]) increases glucagon levels in the presence of normal-to-low plasma glucose concentrations in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), suggesting its potential use as a safeguard against hypoglycemia. We investigated the dose-dependent effects of exogenous full-length GIP[1-42] and its truncated variant GIP[1-30]NH2 on glucagon concentrations d
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Using glucagon receptor antagonism to evaluate the physiological effects of extrapancreatic glucagon in totally pancreatectomised individuals: a randomised controlled trial." Abstract excerpt: Previous studies have indicated that 29-amino-acid glucagon (i.e. 'pancreatic' glucagon) circulates in totally pancreatectomised individuals and that a postprandial glucagon response can be detected. Using a glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA), we investigated the possible role of extrapancreatic glucagon on glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolism in totally pancreatectomised individuals. In a ran
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Altered Glucagon Response to Oral Glucose in Individuals at Different Stages of Type 1 Diabetes Development." Abstract excerpt: Autoimmune destruction of β cells and their functional decline precedes the clinical onset of type 1 diabetes. However, altered α-cell function and hyperglucagonemia may contribute to the development of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis at onset. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed glucagon concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in individuals at the early stag
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Somatostatin Receptor PET/CT in a Glucagonoma Presenting With Necrolytic Migratory Erythema and Normoglucagonemia: A Diagnostic Dilemma." Abstract excerpt: Glucagonoma is a rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor characterized by necrolytic migratory erythema (NME), diabetes, and weight loss. Diagnosis can be difficult, especially when serum glucagon levels are normal. We report a case of a 49-year-old woman with chronic pruritic skin lesions and significant weight loss. Skin biopsy confirmed NME, while laboratory tests showed hyperglycemia and normal s
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Postprandial Glucagon Metabolism in Healthy and Type 1 Diabetes." Abstract excerpt: Early postprandial glucagon concentrations are higher in type 1 diabetes (T1D) than in individuals with no diabetes (ND). To determine the cause, we infused stable [13C9, 15N1]glucagon before, during, and after a mixed meal in 16 ND and 16 T1D individuals to measure glucagon turnover. In a subcohort of 9 ND and 12 T1D individuals, we estimated [13C9, 15N1]glucagon kinetics during steady state. A l
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Association between sleep disorders and alterations in glucose metabolism, insulin, and glucagon in patients with type 2 diabetes." Abstract excerpt: This retrospective observational study investigated the association between sleep disorders and alterations in glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, and glucagon regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 294 patients with T2DM were enrolled between January 2020 and December 2024, including 108 patients with sleep disorders and 186 without. Sleep quality was assessed
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Early loss and progressive deterioration of glucagon responses to hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes." Abstract excerpt: Impaired glucagon counterregulation is a major contributor to hypoglycemia risk in type 1 diabetes (T1D). While well described in adults, the timing, trajectory, and determinants of glucagon dysfunction in children remain poorly defined. Our objective was to characterize the evolution of glucagon secretion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in children with newly diagnosed T1D and to identify bio
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Associations of Fasting Glucagon and the Glucagon-Alanine Index With Hepatic Steatosis and Liver Stiffness in Japanese Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes." Abstract excerpt: In type 2 diabetes, impaired glucagon action in the liver (hepatic glucagon resistance) may disrupt the liver-α-cell axis. We examined the associations of fasting glucagon and a modified glucagon-alanine index (GAI) with imaging-derived hepatic steatosis and liver stiffness in Japanese individuals with type 2 diabetes. This was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the KAMOGAWA-DM
Prospective study of safety in a specific glucagon stimulation-test setting; no general therapeutic claim.
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Lower glucagon response and attenuated hepatic glucagon signaling in MASLD." Abstract excerpt: While glucagon plays a role in hepatic lipid metabolism, alterations in circulating glucagon profiles and hepatic glucagon signaling in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in humans remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationship between MASLD severity and plasma glucagon dynamics, and evaluate hepatic glucagon signaling using human liver tissue. This retrospe
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Unequal distribution of plasma glucagon levels among clustering-based diabetes subtypes: a Japanese cohort." Abstract excerpt: Hyperglucagonemia contributes to disturbances in glucose metabolism. Data-driven diabetes clustering reflects risk of diabetic complications better than classical classification, type 1 diabetes (T1D) vs type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, the pathophysiological features have not been clarified. To assess the distribution of plasma glucagon levels among clustering-based diabetes subtypes. A total of 5
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Intravenous Glucagon Infusion in the Management of Hypoglycemia in Infants of Diabetic Mothers." Abstract excerpt: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of continuous intravenous (IV) glucagon infusion in the management of neonatal hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs). This retrospective case-control study included IDMs treated for hypoglycemia at Turku University Hospital, Finland, over 11 years. Sixteen infants received IV glucose and continuous IV glucagon, while 26 matched cont
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Conformational determinants of glucagon stability and aggregation kinetics in aqueous and commercial formulations." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is a well-established therapeutic peptide, widely used to treat hypoglycemia. Like many peptide drugs, it offers advantages such as specificity, biocompatibility, and high affinity for receptor targets, but suffers from limited physical and chemical stability. In particular, improper conditions can promote the formation of amyloid fibrils, leading to loss of biological activity and, in so
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Whey Protein Ingestion Stimulates Glucagon Secretion and Raises Blood Glucose Levels in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes." Abstract excerpt: This study characterized the dose effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) ingestion on glucagon secretion, glycemia, and the underlying mechanisms in adults with type 1 diabetes. Twelve insulin pump-treated adults with type 1 diabetes (mean ± SD age 47.3 ± 16.4 years; BMI 26.1 ± 3.8 kg/m2) and six adults without diabetes (age 36.2 ± 20.9 years; BMI 27.3 ± 5.8 kg/m2) received
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Experimental chronic fetal hyperglucagonemia stimulates hepatic pathways for amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon activates amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis in adults. Elevated glucagon concentrations in the fetus occur in pregnancy complications, such as fetal growth restriction (FGR) and hypoxia, yet the impact of chronic fetal hyperglucagonemia is unknown. Using chronically catheterized pregnant sheep, glucose tracers, and liver tissue biopsies, we investigated the effects of nine days of
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Antecedent hypoglycaemia impairs glucagon secretion by enhancing somatostatin-mediated negative feedback control." Abstract excerpt: Somatostatin, produced by pancreatic islet δ cells, is a key intra-islet paracrine factor that regulates the secretion of the glucoregulatory hormones insulin and glucagon from β cells and α cells, respectively. Here, we show that glutamate and glucagon released by α cells cooperatively activate neighbouring δ cells through AMPA and glucagon receptors, thereby enablin
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon may be extracted across the liver by a glucagon receptor-dependent mechanism, and this is impaired in an animal model of fatty liver disease." Abstract excerpt: Hyperglucagonemia is a hallmark of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), yet the underlying mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to characterize the liver's role in glucagon clearance and to elucidate whether enzymatic degradation or receptor-mediated uptake is the dominant clearance mechanism-particularly in the cont
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon promotes net hepatic glycogen repletion following meal ingestion." Abstract excerpt: Insulin and glucagon are described as having opposing actions on hepatic glycogen metabolism. However, here we showed that their coordinated action promoted glycogen turnover and meal glucose storage. In mice, pharmacological doses of insulin or glucagon failed to alter hepatic glycogen, but the combination produced a robust decrease in glycogen content. Additivity between insulin and glucagon was
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon secretion by pancreatic alpha-cells requires an intact tubulin-cytoskeleton-primary cilium axis." Abstract excerpt: BACKGROUND: Hyperglucagonemia is a hallmark of diabetes mellitus, resulting from the dysregulation of glucagon secretion by pancreatic alpha-cells. Although glucose sensing and insulin signaling are well-established regulatory processes, the pathways that govern glucagon secretion remain unclear. Recent evidences suggest that insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) regulates glucagon secretion via an unkno
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon receptor blockade protects spermatogenesis by enhancing PFKFB3-mediated lactate production in Sertoli cells." Abstract excerpt: Male fertility has declined globally. Diabetes and aging are major contributors to the reduced sperm production and testicular dysfunction. Elevated glucagon signaling leads to diabetic complications, yet its impact on male reproductive function remains unclear. Streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice, naturally aged mice, and healthy young male mice were treated with a glucagon receptor (GCGR
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon-stimulated copeptin response in children: a proof-of-concept study." Abstract excerpt: The diagnostic workup of polyuria-polydipsia syndrome (PPS) is not well-established in children and adolescents, and several non-osmotic copeptin-stimulating agents have been investigated. Glucagon stimulation test (GST) induced a robust copeptin response in adults, but data in children are lacking. This study aimed to investigate copeptin response to GST in children tested for suspected growth ho
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon acutely stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon increases hepatic glucose production by activating both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Its effect on gluconeogenesis is traditionally attributed to increased expression of gluconeogenic enzyme genes. However, whether glucagon's transcription-independent actions are sufficient to acutely stimulate hepatic glucose output remains uncertain. To investigate this, we examined the acute eff
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon increases plasma levels of cyclic AMP responses in mice and humans, and this may be independent of MASLD." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon resistance impairs amino acid metabolism in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Given that glucagon mediates its effects through cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), impaired cAMP responses have been proposed as the molecular center of glucagon resistance. In this study, we investigated if the g
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon in Pediatric Metabolic Disorders: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives." Abstract excerpt: Over the past century of research, it has become increasingly evident that glucagon should no longer be regarded solely as a counter-regulatory hormone to insulin. Its role in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders-including diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-appears to be critical. Hyperglucagonemia is a common feature across several metabolic conditions, not only in adu
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Pancreatic α-cell sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) does not appear to contribute to hyperglucagonemia and glucose intolerance in diabetic mice." Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic α-cells secrete glucagon, a hormone that elevates blood glucose levels. In type 2 diabetes, high plasma glucagon levels are associated with hyperglycemia. However, the underlying mechanisms of increasing glucagon secretion remain unclear. We focused on the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms of glucagon secretion in α-cells, in particular sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1),
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon receptor signaling is indispensable for the healthspan effects of caloric restriction in aging male mice." Abstract excerpt: Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus accelerate aging, shortening the duration of healthspan. Conversely, chronic calorie restriction (CR) extends healthspan. Research aimed at understanding the mechanism by which CR slows aging has focused heavily on insulin and downstream signaling cascades. Glucagon, a hormone that counter-regulates insulin, is commonly affected by these same interventions. To
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Paracrine inhibition via G protein inwardly rectifying potassium channels regulates glucagon secretion from human pancreatic alpha cells." Abstract excerpt: Impaired glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells is a cause of life-threatening hypoglycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The mechanisms that lead to defective glucagon secretion remain unclear. Here, we show that the human alpha cell's competence to secrete glucagon depends on paracrine inhibitory input from beta (serotonin [5-HT], γ-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) and delta
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Postprandial Glucagon Action in the Human Brain." Abstract excerpt: Elevated fasting glucagon is linked to hyperglycemia, but postprandial glucagon effects are less understood. Recent evidence suggests metabolic benefits of rising glucagon after oral glucose intake, potentially impacting brain-mediated whole-body metabolism. To elucidate the translational relevance of these findings, we studied postprandial effects of glucagon on the human brain. We performed oral
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Uncoupling Insulin Sensitivity From Longevity: A Sex-Dependent Effect of Hepatic Glucagon Signaling." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon, a key hormone in maintaining euglycemia during fasting, also exerts broad metabolic effects, including regulation of lipid oxidation, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic rate. However, its role in aging and longevity remains largely unexplored, a significant omission given the extensive research on dietary restriction and insulin signaling in lifespan modulation. Here, we inves
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Regulation of hepatic regeneration in rats by synergistic action of insulin and glucagon." Abstract excerpt: Rats were subjected to resection of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen, and maintained by c-ntinuous intravenous infusion. Such animals, receiving only electrolytes and glucose, and deprived of a portal blood supply, responded to 68% hepatectomy with a significant rise in hepatic DNA synthesis, which was, however, greatly delayed and diminished compared to normal controls. The activi
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Loss of Slc39a5 in α-cells impairs glucose metabolism by chronically increasing glucagon." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is a critical regulator of glucose homeostasis by regulating liver glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Hyperglucagonemia has been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, whether elevated glucagon is cause or consequence in the pathogenesis of T2DM is poorly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of chronic glucagon elevation using a
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "One Week Exposure to a Somatostatin Receptor 2 Antagonist (SSTR2a) Enhances Glucagon Counterregulation to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycaemia and Does Not Worsen Glycemia in a Male Rat Model of Insulin-Requiring Type 2 Diabetes." Abstract excerpt: Administration of a somatostatin receptor 2 antagonist (SSTR2a) increases glucagon responsiveness to hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the durability of this effect and the impact of repeated SSTR2a dosing on overall glycaemia in T2D are unclear. This study evaluated the effects of daily SSTR2a administration on glucagon counterregulation and overall glycaemia in a male r
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Sodium-glucose cotransporter-specific substrate αMG stimulates endogenous glucagon secretion and ameliorates obesity-associated metabolic disorders in mice." Abstract excerpt: While glucagon raises blood glucose levels, it also promotes lipolysis and energy expenditure, and suppresses food intake and gastrointestinal motility, thereby resulting in weight loss. We previously reported that sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) is highly expressed in pancreatic α cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of α-methyl d-glucopyranoside (αMG
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "PARTICIPATION OF LYSOSOMES IN CELLULAR AUTOPHAGY INDUCED IN RAT LIVER BY GLUCAGON" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Glucagonocentric Basis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Pancreas-Heart Crosstalk Linking α-Cell Dysregulation to Cardiac Metabolic Stress and Fibrosis." Abstract excerpt: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly recognized as a disorder of inappropriate glucagon secretion in addition to β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Chronic hyperglucagonemia, driven by α-cell dysregulation, contributes directly to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) through hepatic, systemic, and myocardial mechanisms. Emerging evidence shows that glucag
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon and insulin prescribing trends and cost implications in Japan: a 10-year analysis using the National Database Open Data Japan." Abstract excerpt: In 2020, ready-to-use nasal glucagon was introduced in Japan, enabling more rapid caregiver response during episodes of severe hypoglycemia. However, nationwide prescribing patterns and changes in drug expenditures for glucagon products remain unclear. Additionally, updated information on insulin formulations, which are major contributors to hypoglycemia, is lacking. Understanding the recent trend
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Acute glucagon infusion induces natriuresis and diuresis through a direct tubular mechanism involving overlapping receptor pathways." Abstract excerpt: It is unclear whether the reported natriuretic and diuretic effects of glucagon are mediated by renal hemodynamic changes or by direct tubular actions within the kidney. We investigated the renal effects of acute glucagon infusion in rats. We further examined whether these effects are mediated by activation of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) or whether the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) al
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Morning glucagon disrupts insulin induced hepatic metabolic memory and subsequent afternoon glucose metabolism in canines." Abstract excerpt: The Staub-Traugott effect, or second-meal phenomenon, describes improved glucose disposal after a second identical meal. We previously showed that morning hyperinsulinemia primes the liver to enhance afternoon net hepatic glucose uptake and glycogen storage. However, mixed meals trigger co-secretion of insulin and glucagon, and glucagon is traditionally viewed as opposing insulin's hepatic actions
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Integrated Experimental and Molecular Modeling Techniques to Investigate the Buffer Effects on Glucagon Stability." Abstract excerpt: Peptide drugs are a vital category of biologics. However, unlike the well-studied effects of buffers on small-molecule or macromolecule drugs, the understanding of selecting appropriate buffers for peptide formulations and their specific impacts remains insufficient. This study aimed to systematically evaluate how different buffers affect the stability of the model peptide, glucagon, and to invest
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Liver fibrosis and type 2 diabetes modulate postprandial incretin and glucagon responses in fatty liver disease." Abstract excerpt: The study aims to characterize the secretion dynamics of glucagon-related peptides, including GLP-1, GIP, and GLP-2, across different stages of metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), while evaluating the impact of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on these hormonal responses. Thirty-four MASLD subjects were stratified according with the liver transient elastography (TE ≥ 9 kPa) and
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Chronic Glycaemic Control Modulates the Relationship Between GIP and Glucagon Secretion Following Oral and Enteral Nutrients in Type 2 Diabetes." Abstract excerpt: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) may exert both insulinotropic and glucagonotropic effects. While its insulinotropic action is reportedly attenuated or abolished with worsening of glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D), the relationship between GIP and glucagon secretion across different levels of glycaemic control remains unclear. This study evaluated the relationship betwee
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "α-cell SLC38A5 supports amino acid-induced α-cell proliferation and glucagon secretion." Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic α cells are key regulators of glucose homeostasis, and dysregulated glucagon secretion contributes to hyperglycemia in diabetes. Amino acids strongly stimulate α-cell proliferation and glucagon release, yet the transport mechanisms underlying these responses remain incompletely defined. The neutral amino acid transporter SLC38A5 is highly enriched in α cells, but its &
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Specific Glucagon Assay System Using a Receptor-Derived Glucagon-Binding Peptide Probe." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells which elevates blood glucose and plays a critical role in diabetes onset and homeostasis. The accurate assessment of glucagon concentration is challenging due to its structural similarity with other hormones, causing cross-reactivity in antibody-based methods. Rapid and specific glucagon detection is essential, particularly during hy
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Impaired Glucagon Suppression Accompanied by Liver Fat Accumulation Mediated Worse Blood Glucose Control in Patients With T2D." Abstract excerpt: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease is prevalent in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and exacerbates hyperglycemia, but its impact on postprandial glucagon suppression remains unclear. To investigate the association between hepatic steatosis and impaired glucagon suppression during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), and to evaluate the mediating role of glucagon dysregulation in linki
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "A non-enzymatic function of neuraminidase 1 restrains hepatic glucagon response in mice." Abstract excerpt: Dysregulated hepatic gluconeogenesis driven by glucagon is a key contributor to hyperglycemia in diabetes, yet the molecular mechanisms that restrain this pathway remain incompletely understood. This study reveals neuraminidase 1 (NEU1) as a suppressor of hepatic glucagon-driven gluconeogenesis in diabetes. We found that glucagon challenge downregulates hepatic NEU1 expression, inversely correlati
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Glucagon-sensitive Adenyl Cyclase System in Plasma Membranes of Rat Liver" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Targeting glucagon signaling in metabolic disorders, functional insights from zebrafish receptor knockouts." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon receptor (GCGR) signaling is essential for glucose and lipid homeostasis, making it a potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders. Zebrafish possess two GCGR co-orthologs, GCGRa and GCGRb, however, their distinct function remain unclear. In this study we employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to generate GCGRa⁻/⁻, GCGRb⁻/⁻, and double-knockout (GCGR⁻
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Prolonged glucagon exposure rewires lipid oxidation and drives diabetic kidney disease progression." Abstract excerpt: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Tubular abnormalities may precede glomerular pathology and indicate functional progression of DKD. Here, we find glucagon injection exacerbates lipid accumulation and renal injury, in addition to causing morphological changes in proximal tubules, podocytes, and mitochondria in the early phase of DKD in mice. However, t
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Augmented glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis in primary hepatocytes from Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon dysregulation is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet its early hepatic effects remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that glucagon-induced gluconeogenesis is markedly enhanced in primary hepatocytes from prediabetic Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a well-established model of human T2DM. Compared to control LETO rats, OLETF hepatocytes showed significantly hig
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Alpha-cell glucagon is essential for maintaining β-cell function and identity in adult mice." Abstract excerpt: Several studies have analyzed the effect of glucagon on β-cells and glucose homeostasis, either by ablating α-cells or by globally deleting the glucagon/glucagon receptor gene. To investigate possible interactions between α-cells and β-cells, and the effect of α-cells on β-cells/glucose homeostasis, we generated mouse models to allow deletion of the glucagon gen
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Integrated glucagon model for estimation of α-cell responsivity to glucose and amino acids during graded glucose infusion." Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic α-cells secrete glucagon. The glucagon secretion rate (GSR) increases when plasma glucose decreases; conversely, GSR decreases when glucose rises. In addition, amino acids (AAs) stimulate GSR. Impaired GSR suppression by glucose contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the current method
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Expression cloning and signaling properties of the rat glucagon receptor" Abstract excerpt: Glucagon and the glucagon receptor are a primary source of control over blood glucose concentrations and are especially important to studies of diabetes in which the loss of control over blood glucose concentrations clinically defines the disease. A complementary DNA clone for the glucagon receptor was isolated by an expression cloning strategy, and the receptor protein was expressed in several ki
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Engineering Glucagon via Molecular and Formulation Strategies: From Natural Hormone to Effective and Stable Therapeutics." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon, a 29-amino acid pancreatic hormone, plays a central role in glucose homeostasis through activation of the glucagon receptor (GCGR). While clinically essential for hypoglycemia rescue, its broader therapeutic applications face limitations due to challenging biophysical properties, including poor solubility, strong aggregation tendency, and chemical instability, which currently require lyo
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "eNAMPT induces alpha-cell mass expansion but impaired glucagon counter regulatory response." Abstract excerpt: Loss of functional beta-cell mass, coupled with alpha-cell dysfunction are key factors in pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We have reported that extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) is elevated in type 2 diabetes and that elevated eNAMPT levels promote beta-cell dysfunction. To further investigate the effects of eNAMPT on beta-cell mass. Islets isolated from
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Dysregulated glucagon signaling contributes to hypoglycemia after vertical sleeve gastrectomy in mice." Abstract excerpt: After bariatric surgery, many individuals experience debilitating bouts of hypoglycemia, termed post-bariatric hypoglycemia (PBH). Our mouse model of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) mimics key aspects of PBH in humans. As glucagon is a key element of the counterregulatory hormonal response to hypoglycemia, the objective of this manuscript is to understand if glucagon responses and sensitivity ar
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Prolonged Somatostatin Receptor 2 Antagonism Enhances Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia in Male Diabetic Rats." Abstract excerpt: In diabetes, glucagon is typically oversecreted during hyperglycemia but undersecreted during hypoglycemia. Administration of a somatostatin receptor antagonist (SSTR2a) increases glucagon counterregulation during hypoglycemia in rodent models of type 1 diabetes (T1D) but less is known about its effect on glucagon in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Using a rodent model of insulin-requiring diabetes, we eva
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Incretin and Glucagon Signalling in MASLD and MASH: Integrating Metabolic Pathways With Disease Progression." Abstract excerpt: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) arises from dysregulated interactions between nutrient delivery, adipose tissue lipid handling and liver lipid metabolism, which collectively coalesce to drive inflammatory signalling leading to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and fibrosis. Recent clinical success of incretin- and glucagon-based therapies in b
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "INFLUENCE OF GLUCAGON, AN INDUCER OF CELLULAR AUTOPHAGY, ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RAT LIVER LYSOSOMES" Abstract excerpt: The response of rat liver lysosomes to an intraperitoneal injection of glucagon has been evaluated from studies on the mechanical fragility, osmotic sensitivity, and sedimentation properties of these subcellular particles. It has been found that about (1/2) hr after the injection of glucagon the hepatic lysosomes exhibit a fairly sudden increase in their sensitivity to mechanical stresses and to e
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Metabolic and Paracrine Heterogeneity of Pancreatic Glucagon-Secreting α-Cells." Abstract excerpt: By stimulating hepatic glucose production, glucagon (released by islet α-cells) restores normal blood glucose levels when they fall below the normal range. We used optogenetics in conjunction with electrophysiology, cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration imaging, and hormone release measurements to explore the intrinsic and paracrine regulation of glucagon secretion. Many α-cells were spo
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Mitochondrial NCLX couples glucagon- and PDE2A-dependent signals to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism." Abstract excerpt: Mitochondrial calcium signaling, particularly its glucagon-mediated oscillatory dynamics, plays a pivotal role in regulating hepatic metabolism and is known to be disrupted in steatotic liver disease. We recently identified the mitochondrial Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger NCLX as a key mediator of glucagon-induced mitochondrial calcium oscillations, essential for proper gluconeogenic function. Here, using
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Stathmin-2 mediates paracrine hormone regulation of glucagon through lysosomal trafficking in αTC1-6 cells." Abstract excerpt: The secretion of glucagon from the pancreatic alpha (α) cell within the islets of Langerhans is physiologically regulated by nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids), neurotransmitters and paracrine hormones. Insulin and somatostatin form an intra-islet paracrine network to control glucagon secretion through direct inhibitory effects on α cell secretory granule exocytosis. In a po
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Splanchnic and Leg Glucagon Metabolism in Healthy Individuals and Those With Type 1 Diabetes: First-in-Human Study Using [13C9,15N1]Glucagon." Abstract excerpt: Circulating glucagon concentrations differ between individuals with no diabetes (ND) and those with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We combined an isotope dilution technique using stable tracers [6,22-13C9,15N1]glucagon and [6,14,19,22-13C9,15N1]glucagon with splanchnic and leg catheterization in participants with ND (n = 8; age 23.1 ± 2.9 years, BMI 26.6 ± 3.5 kg/m2, HbA1c 5.0 ± 0.2% [31 &#
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The ApoA-IV-LRP1 Signaling Axis: A Novel Insulin-Independent Pathway for the Suppression of Diabetic Hyperglucagonemia." Abstract excerpt: Apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV) is a glycoprotein secreted by the small intestine to regulate lipid metabolism and satiety. Its role in insulin-independent glucose homeostasis remains largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that intestinal ApoA-IV overexpression significantly attenuates diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia following severe β-cell loss. Over a 20-week high-fat diet cha
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Glucagon-sensitive Adenyl Cyclase System in Plasma Membranes of Rat Liver" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Association between glucagon and stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes." Abstract excerpt: This study aimed to investigate the association between fasting glucagon levels and the risk of comorbid stroke in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study included 1,745 T2DM patients hospitalized at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from September 1, 2022, to September 30, 2025. Patients were divided into a T2DM group and a T2DM with stroke group based on
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Glucagon-sensitive Adenyl Cyclase System in Plasma Membranes of Rat Liver" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Prostate T2-weighted spin-echo MRI with and without glucagon: a paired scan quality assessment." Abstract excerpt: To evaluate the effectiveness of subcutaneous glucagon in reducing motion artifact during prostate MRI through intraindividual comparison. At our institution patients undergoing a clinical prostate MRI exam receive 1 mg of subcutaneous glucagon before scanning. From February 15, 2024 to February 11, 2025 33 such patients were recruited to undergo an additional, research exam without glucagon.
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Metabolic Effects of Glucagon Stimulations in Type 1 Diabetes and Healthy Controls." Abstract excerpt: Metabolic responses to glucagon beyond the promotion of endogenous glucose production in type 1 diabetes remains poorly explored. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the metabolic responses to glucagon stimulation in type 1 diabetes and explore whether recent exposure to hypoglycemia would impact glucagon sensitivity. Twenty-nine participants, 19 with type 1 diabetes and 10 healthy controls, underw
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Glucagon-sensitive Adenyl Cyclase System in Plasma Membranes of Rat Liver" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The bile acid-sensive ion channel (BASIC) is expressed in pancreatic α-cells and involved in glucagon secretion." Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic α-cells play a key role in glucose homeostasis through glucagon secretion. Here, we discover that the bile acid-sensitive ion channel (BASIC), a Na + channel of the DEG/ENaC family, has a hitherto unrecognized role in α-cell function. We found that BASIC is mainly expressed in glucagon-positive α-cells of mouse islets. Genetic ablation of BASIC in mice reduced α-
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Twelve weeks of voluntary wheel running restores glucagon sensitivity in middle-aged mice." Abstract excerpt: Aerobic exercise training is a potent intervention for the treatment and prevention of age-related metabolic disease, which is characterized by both insulin and glucagon resistance. Although insulin resistance is a key driver of metabolic disease in aging, glucagon signaling is equally critical in maintaining both glucose and lipid homeostasis, particularly during exercise. Previous studies have e
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "TRPM7 kinase regulates α-cell proliferation and glucagon production in mice." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis, yet the molecular mechanisms governing α-cell function remain incompletely understood. Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) is a ubiquitously expressed ion channel with an intrinsic kinase domain, which regulates the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in various cell types. Given the central role of mTOR in &
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "SEL1L-HRD1 ER-associated degradation facilitates prohormone convertase 2 maturation and glucagon production in islet α cells." Abstract excerpt: Proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon by prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) is required for islet α cells to generate glucagon. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unclear. Here, we report that SEL1L-HRD1 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD), a highly conserved protein quality control system responsible for clearing misfolded proteins from t
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Modeling the effect of glucagon on endogenous glucose production in healthy individuals under meal-like conditions." Abstract excerpt: Defective postprandial glucagon suppression contributes to chronic hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Although insulin action and secretion have been extensively and quantitatively studied in the literature, less effort has been made to quantify the glucagon stimulatory effect on endogenous glucose production (EGP). This study aims to model the glucagon effect on EGP in healthy humans, capturing th
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Contractile Effects of Glucagon in Mouse Cardiac Preparations." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is an endogenous peptide that is produced in the pancreas. Via glucagon receptors, glucagon increases the beating rate in cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and also in isolated right atrial preparations from adult rats. Moreover, in living adult mice, injections of glucagon can elevate the heart rate. It is unknown whether these effects of glucagon in living adult mice are mediated via
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon and the Insulin:Glucagon Ratio in Diabetes and Other Catabolic Illnesses" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Distinctive patterns of glucagon and incretin responses to oral and isoglycaemic intravenous glucose load in fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes." Abstract excerpt: Fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes mellitus (FCPD) is characterised by pancreatic calcification, intraductal calculi and severe insulin deficiency, yet abnormalities in glucagon regulation and incretin hormone responses remain incompletely understood. We evaluated the glucagon, incretins and oxyntomodulin secretory responses to oral and intravenous glucose administration in participants with FCPD.
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Dose-Response Effect of Glucagon on Glucose, Beta-Cell Secretion and Metabolism in Healthy Individuals." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is a key regulator of glucose and energy metabolism, yet the dose-response effects of glucagon on markers of metabolism in humans are not fully characterised. We investigated the dose-dependent effects of glucagon on glucose metabolism, β-cell secretion and markers of hepatic metabolism in healthy adults. Fifteen healthy, lean adults underwent a 180-min stepwise intravenous infusion
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice" Abstract excerpt: Glucagon, the counter-regulatory hormone to insulin, is secreted from pancreatic alpha cells in response to low blood glucose. To examine the role of glucagon in glucose homeostasis, mice were generated with a null mutation of the glucagon receptor (Gcgr(-/-)). These mice display lower blood glucose levels throughout the day and improved glucose tolerance but similar insulin levels compared with c
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "A simple mechanistic model for insulin-glucose-glucagon dynamics and its implications for diabetes management." Abstract excerpt: Insulin and glucose dynamics are tightly regulated by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, which contain beta cells that produce insulin and alpha cells that produce glucagon. Insulin lowers blood glucose by enabling cells to access glucose for energy, while glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate sources as well as breaking down store
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Increased Early Postprandial Glucagon Concentrations in Humans With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes and Steatotic Liver Disease." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon-based polyagonists improve metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), which could result from glucagon-stimulated hepatic lipid oxidation. Nevertheless, people with long-standing type 2 diabetes (T2D) exhibit a paradoxical rise in both hepatic lipid content (HLC) and glucagon levels, which has been related to disturbed hepatic metabolism generating glucagonotropic m
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Glucagon-sensitive Adenyl Cyclase System in Plasma Membranes of Rat Liver" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon gene expression in vertebrate brain." Abstract excerpt: An increasing number of regulatory peptide genes are known to be transcribed in neuroendocrine cells of the intestine and neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system. The discovery of the expression of peptide hormone genes in the nervous system has led to the suggestion that these peptides may function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and releasing or inhibiting factors in differen
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Intra-islet α-cell Gs signaling promotes glucagon release." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon, a hormone released from pancreatic α-cells, is critical for maintaining euglycemia and plays a key role in the pathophysiology of diabetes. To stimulate the development of new classes of therapeutic agents targeting glucagon release, key α-cell signaling pathways that regulate glucagon secretion need to be identified. Here, we focused on the potential importance of α-ce
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Somatostatin receptors shape insulin and glucagon output within the pancreatic islet in mice through direct and paracrine effects." Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic delta cells secrete somatostatin (SST), which can inhibit both alpha cells and beta cells of the pancreatic islet. By controlling insulin and glucagon release, delta cells play an important role in maintaining nutrient homeostasis. However, the mechanism by which a single inhibitory hormone inhibits both alpha cells and beta cells, which are often considered as functional antagonists in
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Amino Acid Sensing by the α-Cell Mitochondrial Phosphoenolpyruvate Cycle Regulates Intracellular Ca2+ Levels Without Affecting Glucagon Secretion." Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic islet α-cells are increasingly recognized as amino acid sensors for the organism. Building on our prior work in β-cells, we sought to determine whether the mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) cycle is involved in α-cell amino acid sensing. Three different methods were used to probe the PEP cycle, including pyruvate kinase activators (TEPP-46), and mice with α
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon receptor deficiency is associated with glucocorticoid receptor activation and proteolytic remodeling in gastrocnemius of male mice." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon signaling through the glucagon receptor (GCGR) plays a central role in systemic metabolic regulation. However, its role in skeletal muscle protein homeostasis remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that skeletal muscle from male GCGR-deficient mice exhibited preferential gastrocnemius atrophy accompanied by elevated intramuscular free amino acid levels and hyperaminoaci
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Pax6 is required for differentiation of glucagon-producing α-cells in mouse pancreas" Abstract excerpt: The functional unit of the endocrine pancreas is the islet of Langerhans. Islets are nested within the exocrine tissue of the pancreas and are composed of alpha-, beta-, delta- and gamma-cells. beta-Cells produce insulin and form the core of the islet, whereas alpha-, delta- and gamma-cells are arranged at the periphery of the islet and secrete glucagon, somatostatin and a pancreatic polypeptide,
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Insulin Signaling in α Cells Modulates Glucagon Secretion In Vivo" Abstract excerpt: Glucagon plays an important role in glucose homeostasis by regulating hepatic glucose output in both normo- and hypoglycemic conditions. In this study, we created and characterized alpha cell-specific insulin receptor knockout (alphaIRKO) mice to directly explore the role of insulin signaling in the regulation of glucagon secretion in vivo. Adult male alphaIRKO mice exhibited mild glucose intolera
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "In vivo dysregulation of insulin and glucagon secretion: Disturbed mitochonderial VDAC1 expression and localization in pancreatic β-cells convey global insulin secretory defects in diabetic GK rat." Abstract excerpt: The mildly diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is widely used to study type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet the mechanisms underlying defective insulin secretion in this model remain incompletely understood. We therefore investigated the effects of multiple secretagogues on insulin and glucagon secretion as well as on blood glucose in vivo, followed by mechanistic studies assessing insulin secretion, ATP conten
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Loss of α-cell GRK2 modulates glucagon response and supports cardiac function." Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic α-cells secrete glucagon to maintain glucose homeostasis, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating hormone release are understudied. G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) regulate receptor desensitization; however, their role in α-cells remains unknown. Here, we generated an inducible α-cell-specific GRK2 knockout (αGRK2KO) mouse model to investigate the role
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling of Glucagon Kinetics Assessed Using [<sup>13</sup>C<sup>15</sup>N]-Glucagon in Individuals With and Without Type 1 Diabetes." Abstract excerpt: To date, few studies have quantified glucagon kinetics in humans with and without diabetes, with results often varying due to differences in experimental designs and glucagon assay methodologies. This has limited the ability to study glucagon secretion in vivo using methods such as deconvolution. To overcome these limitations, a novel stable glucagon tracer, [ 13 C 15 N]-glucagon, along with high-
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Intra-Islet Paracrine Regulation of Glucagon Secretion During Hypoglycemia, Euglycemia, and Hyperglycemia." Abstract excerpt: The regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion, from pancreatic α- and β-cells, respectively, is essential for maintaining blood glucose within the physiological set point. Insulin secretion is stimulated as glucose rises from euglycemia, with incretin hormones modulating the secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. Glucagon secretion is elevated with hypoglycemia but also with hyper
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "International Union of Pharmacology. XXXV. The Glucagon Receptor Family" Abstract excerpt: Peptide hormones within the secretin-glucagon family are expressed in endocrine cells of the pancreas and gastrointestinal epithelium and in specialized neurons in the brain, and subserve multiple biological functions, including regulation of growth, nutrient intake, and transit within the gut, and digestion, energy absorption, and energy assimilation. Glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-l
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon and the a Cell" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "GLUCAGON ANTIBODIES AND AN IMMUNOASSAY FOR GLUCAGON*" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon Antibodies and Their Use for Immunoassay for Glucagon." (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "A Glucagon-Secreting Alpha-Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon Receptor Signaling and Lipid Metabolism" Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is secreted from the pancreatic alpha cells upon hypoglycemia and stimulates hepatic glucose production. Type 2 diabetes is associated with dysregulated glucagon secretion, and increased glucagon concentrations contribute to the diabetic hyperglycemia. Antagonists of the glucagon receptor have been considered as glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes patients, but their clinical appl
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon Receptor Signaling and Glucagon Resistance" Abstract excerpt: Hundred years after the discovery of glucagon, its biology remains enigmatic. Accurate measurement of glucagon has been essential for uncovering its pathological hypersecretion that underlies various metabolic diseases including not only diabetes and liver diseases but also cancers (glucagonomas). The suggested key role of glucagon in the development of diabetes has been termed the bihormonal hypo
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon and plasma catecholamine responses to graded and prolonged exercise in man" Abstract excerpt: Eight men were studied during graded (47, 77, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake) and prolonged (76%) exhaustive treadmill running. During graded exercise the glucagon concentration increased 35% from 81 plus or minus 7 pg/ml (mean and SE) at rest to 109 plus or minus 17 after the heaviest load. During prolonged exercise glucagon increased progressively to three times (226 plus or minus 40) the res
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Glucagon Receptor Is Required for the Adaptive Metabolic Response to Fasting" Abstract excerpt: Glucagon receptor (Gcgr) signaling maintains hepatic glucose production during the fasting state; however, the importance of the Gcgr for lipid metabolism is unclear. We show here that fasted Gcgr-/- mice exhibit a significant increase in hepatic triglyceride secretion and fasting increases fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in wild-type (WT) but not in Gcgr-/- mice. Moreover fasting upregulated the expre
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Lack of Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia in Diabetes: Evidence for an Intrinsic Pancreatic Alpha Cell Defect" Abstract excerpt: Despite excessive glucagon responses to infusion of arginine, plasma glucagon did not rise in six juvenile-type diabetics during severe insulin-induced hypoglycemia, whereas glucagon in the controls rose significantly. Thus in diabetics pancreatic alpha cells are insensitive to glucose even in the presence of large amounts of circulating insulin. An intrinsic defect common to both alpha and beta p
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "X-ray analysis of glucagon and its relationship to receptor binding" Abstract excerpt: X-ray analysis of the pancreatic hormone glucagon shows that in crystals the polypeptide adopts a mainly helical conformation, which is stabilised by hydrophobic interactions between molecules related by threefold symmetry. A model is presented in which the glucagon molecule exists in dilute solutions as an equilibrium population of conformers with little retention of conformers with little retent
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Effects of a novel glucagon receptor antagonist (Bay 27-9955) on glucagon-stimulated glucose production in humans" Abstract excerpt: To study the effects of a specific glucagon receptor antagonist (Bay 27-9955), on plasma glucose concentrations and rates of glucose production in response to hyperglucagonaemia in humans. The study was conducted as a two-dose [Low Dose Bay 27-9955 70 mg, (n = 6), High Dose Bay 27-9955 200 mg, (n = 8)], double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. Basal glucose production was measured after
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Adult insulin- and glucagon-producing cells differentiate from two independent cell lineages" Abstract excerpt: To analyze cell lineage in the pancreatic islets, we have irreversibly tagged all the progeny of cells through the activity of Cre recombinase. Adult glucagon alpha and insulin beta cells are shown to derive from cells that have never transcribed insulin or glucagon, respectively. Also, the beta-cell progenitors, but not alpha-cell progenitors, transcribe the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) gene. Fina
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "EFFECTS OF INSULIN, GLUCAGON, AND INSULIN/GLUCAGON INFUSIONS ON LIVER MORPHOLOGY AND CELL DIVISION AFTER COMPLETE PORTACAVAL SHUNT IN DOGS" Abstract excerpt: Insulin, glucagon, and insulin/glucagon mixtures have been infused for four days into the left portal vein of dogs after portacaval shunt. In the left but not in the right liver lobes, insulin alone reduced atrophy, preserved hepatocyte ultrastructure, and trebled cell renewal. Glucagon alone had no effect. In small doses, glucagon did not potentiate the action of insulin and in large doses it may
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucose-inhibition of glucagon secretion involves activation of GABAA-receptor chloride channels" Abstract excerpt: The endocrine part of the pancreas plays a central role in blood-glucose regulation. It is well established that an elevation of glucose concentration reduces secretion of the hyperglycaemia-associated hormone glucagon from pancreatic alpha 2 cells. The mechanisms involved, however, remain unknown. Electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that alpha 2 cells generate Ca2+-dependent action pot
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "C-peptide Response to Glucagon: A Test for the Residual β-cell Function in Diabetes Mellitus" Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic beta-cell secretory activity was measured in 17 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of less than 19 months' duration and in 10 nondiabetic subjects by means of the peripheral plasma C-peptide response to 1 mg. of glucagon I.V. The C-peptide response to a meal was also measured in the diabetic patients. Residual beta-cell function was present in all the diabetic patients as
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Wick Chromatography for Rapid and Reliable Immunoassay of Insulin, Glucagon and Growth Hormone" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Structure of the human glucagon class B G-protein-coupled receptor" Abstract excerpt: Binding of the glucagon peptide to the glucagon receptor (GCGR) triggers the release of glucose from the liver during fasting; thus GCGR plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Here we report the crystal structure of the seven transmembrane helical domain of human GCGR at 3.4 Å resolution, complemented by extensive site-specific mutagenesis, and a hybrid model of glucagon bound to GCG
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Early glucagon-positive cells restrict pancreatic branching through VMAT2-noradrenaline-mediated ROS signaling." Abstract excerpt: Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) transports monoamines into storage vesicles. We have previously reported that VMAT2 negatively regulates pancreatic progenitor differentiation into endocrine beta cells; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Using a pancreatic bud explant culture, we show here that inhibiting VMAT2-mediated catecholamine uptake promotes pancreatic epithelial b
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Structure of the glucagon receptor in complex with a glucagon analogue" Abstract excerpt: Class B G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which consist of an extracellular domain (ECD) and a transmembrane domain (TMD), respond to secretin peptides to play a key part in hormonal homeostasis, and are important therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases. Previous work has suggested that peptide ligands bind to class B GPCRs according to a two-domain binding model, in which the C-terminal
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Cardiac Actions of Glucagon" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Islet β-cell secretion determines glucagon release from neighbouring α-cells" Abstract excerpt: Homeostasis of blood glucose is maintained by hormone secretion from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Glucose stimulates insulin secretion from beta-cells but suppresses the release of glucagon, a hormone that raises blood glucose, from alpha-cells. The mechanism by which nutrients stimulate insulin secretion has been studied extensively: ATP has been identified as the main messenger and the A
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Physiology of the pancreatic α-cell and glucagon secretion: role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes" Abstract excerpt: The secretion of glucagon by pancreatic alpha-cells plays a critical role in the regulation of glycaemia. This hormone counteracts hypoglycaemia and opposes insulin actions by stimulating hepatic glucose synthesis and mobilization, thereby increasing blood glucose concentrations. During the last decade, knowledge of alpha-cell physiology has greatly improved, especially concerning molecular and ce
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Inhibition of the glucose transporter SGLT2 with dapagliflozin in pancreatic alpha cells triggers glucagon secretion" Abstract excerpt: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a deficiency in insulin signaling, because of insulin resistance and/or defects in insulin secretion; it is also associated with increases in glucagon and endogenous glucose production (EGP). Gliflozins, including dapagliflozin, are a new class of approved oral antidiabetic agents that specifically inhibit sodium-glucos
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon expressing cells" Abstract excerpt: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from mouse bone marrow were shown to adopt a pancreatic endocrine phenotype in vitro and to reverse diabetes in an animal model. MSC from human bone marrow and adipose tissue represent very similar cell populations with comparable phenotypes. Adipose tissue is abundant and easily accessible and could thus also harbor cells with the potential to differentiate in insulin
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Isolation from Porcine‐Intestinal Wall of a Vasoactive Octacosapeptide Related to Secretin and to Glucagon" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The expanding landscape of the glucagon signaling network: mechanisms and outcomes." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is a peptide hormone mainly secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to nutritional stimuli. Traditionally recognized for its hyperglycemic function counteracting insulin action, it mainly acts on the liver to affect glycogen, amino acid, lipid, and energy metabolism. Beyond its metabolic effects, glucagon also increases hepatocyte cell survival and reduces viral r
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Identification of insulin and glucagon genes in the finless porpoise and the developmental distribution of their producing endocrine cells." Abstract excerpt: Both insulin and glucagon have been extensively studied due to their critical roles in glucose metabolism, development, and disease. However, there is limited information about the molecular characteristics of insulin and glucagon in cetaceans. To better understand the information of these key endocrine factors of finless porpoises, we cloned and characterized both of the preproinsulin and preprog
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Association of fasting plasma glucagon with osteopenia/osteoporosis in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes." Abstract excerpt: Bone mass abnormalities (osteopenia/osteoporosis) are highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet identifying the systemic metabolic indicators of skeletal deterioration remains a critical clinical challenge. This study aimed to investigate the independent association between fasting plasma glucagon levels and osteopenia/osteoporosis in Chinese T2DM patients, and to eval
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Regulation of Pancreatic Insulin and Glucagon Secretion" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP" Abstract excerpt: Glucose production by the liver is essential for providing a substrate for the brain during fasting. The inability of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose output is a major aetiological factor in the hyperglycaemia of type-2 diabetes mellitus and other diseases of insulin resistance. For fifty years, one of the few classes of therapeutics effective in reducing glucose production has been the biguan
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Insulin within islets is a physiologic glucagon release inhibitor." Abstract excerpt: To determine if glucagon secretion is under physiological control of intra-islet insulin, pancreata from normal rats were perfused at a 100 mg/dl glucose concentration with either guinea pig antiinsulin serum or normal guinea pig serum in a nonrecirculating system. Perfusion of antiserum was followed within 3 min by a significant rise in glucagon that reached peak levels three times the base-line
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Interrelationship of Glucagon, Insulin and Glucose: The Insulinogenic Effect of Glucagon" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon Physiology and Pathophysiology" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Pancreatic Glucagon Secretion in Normal and Diabetic Subjects" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Effect of Glucagon on the Metabolism of Adipose Tissue" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Insulin Secretion Depends on Intra-islet Glucagon Signaling" Abstract excerpt: The intra-islet theory states that glucagon secretion is suppressed when insulin secretion is stimulated, but glucagon's role in intra-islet paracrine regulation is controversial. This study investigated intra-islet functions of glucagon in mice. We examined glucagon-induced insulin secretion using isolated perfused pancreata from wild-type, GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) knockout, diphtheria toxin-
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "INSULIN, GLUCAGON, AMINOACID IMBALANCE, AND HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY" Abstract excerpt: Hepatic encephalopathy (H.E.) is associated with and perhaps caused by changes in plasma-aminoacid patterns--decreased branched-chain aminoacids (B.C.A.A.) and increased aromatic aminoacids (A.A.A.). The decreased B.C.A.A. may be in part secondary to hyperinsulinaemia, but the B.C.A.A. are catabolised by both fat and muscle. The increase in A.A.A. may reflect a "catabolic stimulus" reflected in hy
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The metabolic actions of glucagon revisited" Abstract excerpt: The initial identification of glucagon as a counter-regulatory hormone to insulin revealed this hormone to be of largely singular physiological and pharmacological purpose. Glucagon agonism, however, has also been shown to exert effects on lipid metabolism, energy balance, body adipose tissue mass and food intake. The ability of glucagon to stimulate energy expenditure, along with its hypolipidemi
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Effect of hypothalamic stimulation on plasma glucose, insulin, and glucagon levels" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Lack of Suppression of Glucagon Contributes to Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1" Abstract excerpt: We tested the hypothesis that a lack of suppression of glucagon causes postprandial hyperglycemia in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Nine diabetic subjects ingested 50 g glucose on two occasions. On both occasions, somatostatin was infused at a rate of 4.3 nmol/kg x min, and insulin was infused in a diabetic insulin profile. On one occasion, glucagon was also infused at a rate of 1.25 ng/kg x min t
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "THE ESSENTIAL ROLE OF GLUCAGON IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS" Abstract excerpt: The following evidence suggests that diabetes mellitus may not be the simple consequence of relative or absolute insulin deficiency by itself, but may require the presence of glucagon: (1) relative or absolute hyperglucogonaemia has been identified in every form of endogenous hyperglycaemia, including total pancreatectomy in dogs; (2) insulin lack in the absence of glucagon does not cause endogeno
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon After Weight Loss Induced by Diet or Bariatric Surgery." Abstract excerpt: This study compared the effects of a very low-energy diet (VLED), alone or combined with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), on glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon concentrations, hormones likely to play a role in weight loss maintenance. Participants with severe obesity underwent 10 weeks of VLED alone (n = 15) or combined with SG (n = 15) or RY
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Physiologic action of glucagon on liver glucose metabolism" Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is a primary regulator of hepatic glucose production (HGP) in vivo during fasting, exercise and hypoglycaemia. Glucagon also plays a role in limiting hepatic glucose uptake and producing the hyperglycaemic phenotype associated with insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. In response to a physiological rise in glucagon, HGP is rapidly stimulated. This increase in HGP is entirely attribu
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The effect of experimental insulin deficiency on glucagon secretion" Abstract excerpt: Suppression of pancreatic glucagon secretion by hyperglycemia is a characteristic of normal alpha cell function. However, in diabetic subjects, plasma glucagon is normal or high despite hyperglycemia. It seemed possible that the presence of glucose or its metabolites within the alpha cell might be essential for suppression of glucagon secretion, and that in diabetes an intracellular deficiency of
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Effects of Pharmacological GIP Infusion on Insulin, Glucagon, and Cardiovascular Responses During Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes." Abstract excerpt: The pharmacological actions of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain incompletely defined. We evaluated the acute effects of intravenous GIP infusion at a pharmacological dose on glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular responses during hyperglycemia in individuals with T2D. Ten participants, whose T2D was managed by diet and/or metformin monotherapy (n =
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "PURIFICATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF GLUCAGON" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "THE RELATIONSHIP OF EPINEPHRINE AND GLUCAGON TO LIVER PHOSPHORYLASE" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Conformation of glucagon in a lipid-water interphase by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance" Abstract excerpt: A determination of the spatial structure of the polypeptide hormone glucagon bound to perdeuterated dodecylphosphocholine micelles is described. A map of distance constraints between individually assigned hydrogen atoms of the polypeptide chain was obtained from two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy. These data were used as the input for a distance geometry algorithm for comp
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Hamster preproglucagon contains the sequence of glucagon and two related peptides" Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide hormone synthesized by the A cells of the endocrine pancreas. Its primary site of action is the liver where it stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. In mammals, biosynthetic studies have shown that glucagon is derived from a precursor of molecular weight (Mr) approximately 18,000 which is five to six times larger than glucagon. Glucagon
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin" Abstract excerpt: The control of food intake and body weight by the brain relies upon the detection and integration of signals reflecting energy stores and fluxes, and their interaction with many different inputs related to food palatability and gastrointestinal handling as well as social, emotional, circadian, habitual and other situational factors. This review focuses upon the role of hormones secreted by the end
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "THE RELATIONSHIP OF EPINEPHRINE AND GLUCAGON TO LIVER PHOSPHORYLASE" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Minireview: Glucagon in the Pathogenesis of Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia in Diabetes" Abstract excerpt: Pancreatic islet α-cell glucagon secretion is critically dependent on pancreatic islet β-cell insulin secretion. Normally, a decrease in the plasma glucose concentration causes a decrease in β-cell insulin secretion that signals an increase in α-cell glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia. In contrast, an increase in the plasma glucose concentration, among other stimuli, ca
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "THE RELATIONSHIP OF EPINEPHRINE AND GLUCAGON TO LIVER PHOSPHORYLASE" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Insulin Resistance Is Accompanied by Increased Fasting Glucagon and Delayed Glucagon Suppression in Individuals With Normal and Impaired Glucose Regulation" Abstract excerpt: Hyperinsulinemia is an adaptive mechanism that enables the maintenance of normoglycemia in the presence of insulin resistance. We assessed whether glucagon is also involved in the adaptation to insulin resistance. A total of 1,437 individuals underwent an oral glucose tolerance test with measurements of circulating glucose, insulin, and glucagon concentrations at 0, 30 and 120 min. Early glucagon
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Radioimmunological determination of pancreatic and gut glucagon in plasma" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Hepatic steatosis in humans is associated with preserved glucagon action on amino acid metabolism." Abstract excerpt: BACKGROUNDAmino acid (AA) concentrations are increased in prediabetes and diabetes. Since AAs stimulate glucagon secretion, which should then increase hepatic AA catabolism, it has been hypothesized that hepatic resistance (associated with hepatic fat content) to glucagon's actions on AA metabolism leads to hyperglucagonemia and hyperglycemia.METHODSTo test this hypothesis, we therefore studied le
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Improved Glucagon Sensitivity Following Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Abstract excerpt: This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of weight loss in people with obesity on two biomarkers of glucagon resistance: fasting plasma glucagon and alanine. A comprehensive search was conducted in Medline and Embase. Random-effects meta-analyses and correlation analyses were performed. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 and MINORS tools. Forty-seven studies
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "THE EFFECTS OF TOTAL STARVATION UPON THE LEVELS OF CIRCULATING GLUCAGON AND INSULIN IN MAN*" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Activation of two signal-transduction systems in hepatocytes by glucagon" Abstract excerpt: The ability of glucagon to stimulate glycogen breakdown in liver played a key part in the classic identification of cyclic AMP and hormonally stimulated adenylate cyclase. But several observations indicate that glucagon can exert effects independent of elevating intracellular cAMP concentrations. These effects are probably mediated by an elevation of the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ al
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "EXPRESS: Comparing the Efficacy of Transmucosal and Subcutaneous Glucagon Administration in Response to Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Healthy Cats." Abstract excerpt: ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of two different formulations of glucagon given by three different routes (subcutaneous [SC], rectal [RCT] and intranasal [IN]) for correcting insulin-induced hypoglycemia in cats and to describe any adverse effects and compare the time required for administration by each route.MethodsA randomized, non-blinded, sham-controlled cro
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Effects of Secretin, Pancreozymin, and Gastrin on Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Anesthetized Dogs *" Abstract excerpt: The effects upon islet hormone secretion of highly purified preparations of secretin and of pancreozymin-cholecystokinin and of a crude gastrin-containing extract of hog antrum have been studied in acutely operated dogs. All three preparations were shown to cause a striking increase in insulin concentration in the pancreaticoduodenal venous plasma after their rapid endoportal injection in anesthet
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Additive Glucagonotropic and Insulinotropic Effects of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Alanine in Fasted Healthy Men." Abstract excerpt: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a bidirectional glucose-stabilising hormone potentiating insulin secretion at high glucose levels and glucagon secretion during normal-to-low plasma glucose levels. Preclinically, GIP and the amino acid alanine show synergistic glucagonotropic effects at low glucose levels. We therefore evaluated the separate and combined effects of GIP and ala
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Differential Longitudinal Effects of Glucose-Lowering Medications on Glucagon and C-peptide Responses in the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE)." Abstract excerpt: To determine the longitudinal effects on α-cell function of four classes of glucose-lowering agents added to metformin in adults with type 2 diabetes. In a multicenter, randomized study, 5,047 participants ≥30 years of age with type 2 diabetes taking 1,000-2,000 mg metformin daily, HbA1c 6.8%-8.5%, were randomized to receive insulin glargine U100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitaglip
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Role of Glucagon, Catecholamines, and Growth Hormone in Human Glucose Counterregulation" Abstract excerpt: To further characterize mechanisms of glucose counterregulation in man, the effects of pharmacologically inducd deficiencies of glucagon, growth hormone, and catecholamines (alone and in combination) on recovery of plasma glucose from insulin-induced hypoglycemia and attendant changes in isotopically ([3-(3)H]glucose) determined glucose fluxes were studied in 13 normal subjects. In control studies
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Fasting glucagon as an independent risk indicator for CAD in patient with type 2 diabetes." Abstract excerpt: To investigate the association between fasting glucagon levels and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). This cross-sectional study enrolled 1,739 hospitalized T2DM patients, categorized into T2DM alone and T2DM with CAD (T2DM&CAD) groups. Fasting glucagon levels and clinical characteristics were collected. Multivariable logistic regression models wer
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon levels and metabolic effects in fasting man" Abstract excerpt: The role of glucagon in the metabolic adaptation to prolonged fasting in man has been examined. Plasma immunoreactive glucagon was determined during 6-wk fasts and during infusion of exogenous glucagon using an assay which minimized nonpancreatic immunoreactivity. Plasma glucagon concentrations rose twofold to a peak on the 3rd day of fasting and then declined thereafter to a level maintained at o
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon-stimulating activity of 20 amino acids in dogs" Abstract excerpt: The effect of 20 L-amino acids upon pancreatic glucagon secretion has been studied in conscious dogs. Each amino acid was administered intravenously over a 15 min period in a dose of 1 mmole/kg of body weight to a group of four or five dogs. Pancreatic glucagon and insulin were measured by radioimmunoassay. 17 of the 20 amino acids caused a substantial increase in plasma glucagon. Asparagine had t
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon: Role in the Hyperglycemia of Diabetes Mellitus" Abstract excerpt: Glucagon suppression by somatostatin reduces or abolishes hyperglycemia in dogs made insulin-deficient by somatostatin, alloxan, or total pancreatectomy. This suggests that the development of severe diabetic hyperglycemia requires the presence of glucagon, whether secreted by pancreatic or newly identified gastrointestinal A cells, as well as a lack of insulin. Glucagon suppression could improve t
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon physiology and pathophysiology in the light of new advances" Abstract excerpt: Recent advances in the understanding of glucagon-insulin relationships at the level of the islets of Langerhans and of hepatic fuel metabolism are reviewed and their impact on our understanding of glucagon physiology and pathophysiology is considered. It now appears that alpha cells can respond directly to hyperglycaemia in the absence of insulin and beta cells, but that antecedent hyperglycaemia
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism" Abstract excerpt: As a counterregulatory hormone for insulin, glucagon plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis in vivo in both animals and humans. To increase blood glucose, glucagon promotes hepatic glucose output by increasing glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and by decreasing glycogenesis and glycolysis in a concerted fashion via multiple mechanisms. Compared with healthy subjects, diabetic pa
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon, the Alpha Cell, and Potential Targets for Diabetes Treatment." Abstract excerpt: Glucagon is a 29-amino acid hormone synthesized and secreted by the pancreatic alpha cell in the islets of Langerhans. It is the primary glucose counter-regulatory hormone, secreted by the alpha cell to maintain euglycemia by stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. In addition to glucose, the alpha cell senses and responds to a number of inputs, such as paracrine factors, neurotran
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon and beta-cell function changes before and after dietary weight loss-induced metabolic improvements in type 2 diabetes." Abstract excerpt: Hyperglucagonemia, beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance drive fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes but their changes upon guideline recommended fasting induced weight loss > 10% remain unclear. Patients with type 2 diabetes treated without insulin underwent a 12-week very low-calorie formula diet (VLCD) aiming > 10 kg weight loss. Glucose
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "THE RELATIONSHIP OF EPINEPHRINE AND GLUCAGON TO LIVER PHOSPHORYLASE" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The New Biology and Pharmacology of Glucagon" Abstract excerpt: In the last two decades we have witnessed sizable progress in defining the role of gastrointestinal signals in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis. Specifically, the molecular basis of the huge metabolic benefits in bariatric surgery is emerging while novel incretin-based medicines based on endogenous hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and pancreas-derived amylin are improving diab
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "The Origin and Function of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)/Glucagon Superfamily*" Abstract excerpt: The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/ glucagon superfamily includes nine hormones in humans that are related by structure, distribution (especially the brain and gut), function (often by activation of cAMP), and receptors (a subset of seven-transmembrane receptors). The nine hormones include glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, glucose-dependent insulinotropi
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Reduces Glycemia, Sustains Insulin Levels, and Reduces Glucagon Levels in Type 2 Diabetes" Abstract excerpt: The stimulation of insulin vs. inhibition of glucagon secretion in relation to the antidiabetic action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is not established. Here, the influence of a 4-wk increase in circulating GLP-1 by inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) on 24-h glucose and insulin and glucagon responses to breakfast was studied in subjects with dietary controlled diabetes [age: 65 +/-
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Cardiovascular Effects of Glucagon in Man" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Role of glucagon in metabolic diseases." Abstract excerpt: Currently, diabetes is defined as "a chronic hyperglycemic state resulting from the absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin action," emphasizing its characterization as an insulin-related disease. However, glucagon dysregulation should also play a critical role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. The pathophysiological relevance of glucagon in type 2 diabetes has long remained uncerta
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "STUDIES ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF GLUCAGON" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "cAMP signalling in insulin and glucagon secretion" Abstract excerpt: The "second messenger" archetype cAMP is one of the most important cellular signalling molecules with central functions including the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion from the pancreatic β- and α-cells, respectively. cAMP is generally considered as an amplifier of insulin secretion triggered by Ca 2+ elevation in the β-cells. Both messengers are also positive modulato
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Glucagon" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "Physiology and pathophysiology of glucagon" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)
Content-verified record concerning Glucagon: "PROMOTION OF INSULIN SECRETION BY GLUCAGON" (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)