Bremelanotide

World Peptide Foundation

Where is Bremelanotide being studied?

Find registered human studies, phases, products, recruitment status and reported research locations around the world. Registry search matches are separate from this profile’s reviewed evidence.

Find studies for Bremelanotide →Worldwide registry directory

Scientific intelligence record

Experience 2.0

Melanocortin receptor agonist peptide

Bremelanotide is a melanocortin receptor agonist peptide studied in sexual-desire disorders. The relevant clinical populations, outcome measures, and treatment settings must be distinguished from other melanocortin compounds.

Record status

Traceability partial

Last meaningful update: 9/26/2026

Evidence searched through:: Not recorded
Assessment updated:: 9/26/2026
Documented human review:: No documented human review recorded
Automated scientific assessment:: 9/26/2026
AI source check:: 9/26/2026

Published source links and profile text pass separate gates. Only a documented human review is labelled as human review; an automated scientific assessment applies deterministic checks, and an AI source check confirms only that a source exists and matches its identifiers. A source count alone does not establish a review.

Evidence coverage has three distinct layers. The corpus count is a transparent screening inventory, the featured set contains study-level tiering and interpretation, and the published-source count contains records promoted through the institutional publication workflow. Source validation, editorial publication, and scientific appraisal are separate decisions; these numbers must not be merged.

Ranked research corpus

181

Categorized publications with provisional ranking; scientific review remains separate.

Featured tiered studies

Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.

Research domains

Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.

Published source records

Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.

Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled so screening is not represented as completed review.

Human experience · separate evidence stream

No community pattern is displayed yet

Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.

Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.

Public display gate

n ≥ 20 eligible observations

Exact progress remains private before the threshold.

Contribute an observation Archive details

Intelligence snapshot

The state of the record

A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.

Ranked research corpus

181

Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.

Featured tiered studies

Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.

Research domains

Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.

Published source records

Source records published through the governed workflow; this count does not certify scientific conclusions.

Contradictions

Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.

Research gaps

Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.

Connected media

Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.

What we know

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.

Reconciled domain conclusions

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

Bremelanotide no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded synthesis, confidence level, evidence context, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps. Publication of these syntheses is separate from the scientific review status shown above.

Inspect the reconciled evidence atlas

Inspect the published evidence record52 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓

2021Phase 3 human evidence

Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women." Abstract excerpt: Kingsberg et al. described results from two 24-week Phase III trials of bremelanotide for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women. 72.72% of protocol-listed outcomes were not reported by Kingsberg et al., who provided results of 15 secondary measures which were not listed in the study protocols. None of their efficacy outcomes were reported in line with CONSORT data reporting st

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1885601
PubMed: 33678061

Open original source

2022Phase 3 human evidence

Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide." Abstract excerpt: Background: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), the most prevalent female sexual dysfunction, is characterized as persistent diminished desire for sexual activity accompanied by distress. The efficacy and safety of bremelanotide, a melanocortin receptor agonist approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of acquired generalized HSDD in premenopausal women, were establishe

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0225
PubMed: 35230162

Open original source

2021Phase 3 human evidence

Failure of a Meta-analysis: A Commentary on Glen Spielmans's "Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for 'Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women'".

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Failure of a Meta-analysis: A Commentary on Glen Spielmans's "Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for 'Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women'"." (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2021.1902926
PubMed: 33835907

Open original source

2019Phase 3 human evidence

Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials." Abstract excerpt: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of bremelanotide for the treatment of premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Two identical phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trials (RECONNECT) evaluated the safety and efficacy of bremelanotide 1.75 mg administered subcutaneously as needed in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorde

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003500
PubMed: 31599840

Open original source

2017Phase 1–2 human evidence

Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants." Abstract excerpt: This was a Phase I study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of bremelanotide (BMT) coadministered with ethanol to healthy male and female participants. This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 3-period, 3-way crossover study. Individuals meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria received BMT or placebo with or without ethanol at the res

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.01.018
PubMed: 28189361

Open original source

2008Phase 1–2 human evidence

Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study." Abstract excerpt: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of intranasal bremelanotide in men with erectile dysfunction who did not respond to sildenafil. A total of 342 married men (28 to 59 years old) with erectile dysfunction who did not respond to sildenafil were randomly assigned to receive 10 mg bremelanotide as an intranasal spray (group 1, 172) 45 minutes to 2 hours prior to sexual stimulation, or a similar reg

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.10.063
PubMed: 18206919

Open original source

2016Phase 1–2 human evidence

Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial." Abstract excerpt: Evaluate efficacy/safety of bremelanotide (BMT), a melanocortin-receptor-4 agonist, to treat female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women. Patients randomized to receive placebo or BMT 0.75, 1.25 or 1.75 mg self-administered subcutaneously, as desired, over 12 weeks. Primary end point was change in satisfying sexual events/month. Secondary end points included total score changes on female sex

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.2217/whe-2016-0018
PubMed: 27181790

Open original source

2022Phase 1–2 human evidence

Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials." Abstract excerpt: The melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) plays a central role in appetite regulation, and agonistic activity at this receptor promotes satiety. Results from two randomized controlled clinical trials examine the effects of bremelanotide's agonism at MC4R on caloric intake and body weight. Premenopausal women with a body mass index >30 kg/m 2 were studied in two phase 1, single-centre, randomized, doub

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1111/dom.14672
PubMed: 35170192

Open original source

2016Phase 1–2 human evidence

Re: Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Re: Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial." (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.063
PubMed: 27751477

Open original source

2021Animal research

LC-HRMS characterization of the skin pigmentation and sexual enhancers melanotan II and bremelanotide sold on the black market of performance and image enhancing drugs.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "LC-HRMS characterization of the skin pigmentation and sexual enhancers melanotan II and bremelanotide sold on the black market of performance and image enhancing drugs." Abstract excerpt: The spread of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) often requires forensic toxicology laboratories to identify unknown compounds without reference standards. We characterized the PIEDs melanotan II and bremelanotide, not legally marketed, in eight unknown samples confiscated by police together with anabolic steroids, hormone modulators, sexual enhancers and stimulants, intended for the bl

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1002/dta.2986
PubMed: 33245851

Open original source

2020Animal research

Ultra-sensitive quantification of the therapeutic cyclic peptide bremelanotide utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS for evaluation of its oral plasma pharmacokinetics.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Ultra-sensitive quantification of the therapeutic cyclic peptide bremelanotide utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS for evaluation of its oral plasma pharmacokinetics." Abstract excerpt: Bremelanotide (Vyleesi®), a cyclic heptapeptide, was recently approved for the subcutaneous treatment of premenopausal hypoactive sexual desire disorder. To foster the development of alternative routes of administration, we aimed at determining the oral plasma pharmacokinetics of bremelanotide in beagle dogs. Therefore, we established a UHPLC-MS/MS assay with an LLOQ of 10 pg/mL (9.8 pM) usin

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113276
PubMed: 32353679

Open original source

2004Animal research

PT-141 Palatin.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "PT-141 Palatin." Abstract excerpt: Palatin, under license from Competitive Technology, is developing the peptide PT-141, a synthetically modified analog of PT-14, as a nasal spray for the potential treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) and female sexual dysfunction. In September 2003, Palatin had completed a phase IIb trial in patients with ED and in February 2004, Palatin planned to start phase III trials in early 2005.

Source: peer_reviewed_research
PubMed: 15134289

Open original source

2024Animal research

Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma Cells via Suppression of Survivin Expression.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma Cells via Suppression of Survivin Expression." Abstract excerpt: Glioblastoma is the most aggressive form of brain tumor and has a dismal prognosis; therefore, novel therapeutic approaches based on the mechanisms underlying its aggressive nature are urgently required. A growing body of evidence suggests that neurotransmitters play a key role in modulating the biology of glioblastoma; however, the role of melanocortins remains unclear. The effects of bremelanoti

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.17214
PubMed: 39197897

Open original source

2022Animal research

The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women." Abstract excerpt: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a common female sexual dysfunction and is estimated to affect approximately 10% of women in the United States. It has been suggested that HSDD is associated with an imbalance of hormone and neurotransmitter levels in the brain, resulting in decreased excitation, increased inhibition, or a combination of both. Evidence suggests neurotransmitters, includin

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1017/s109285292100002x
PubMed: 33455598

Open original source

2025Animal research

Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder." Abstract excerpt: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is the most reported sexual dysfunction among premenopausal women worldwide. Bremelanotide, trade name Vyleesi, has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat HSDD. However, despite approval, very little is known about its neurobiological mechanism of action. In this study, we utilized a female Syrian hamster model to investiga

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110299
PubMed: 39793696

Open original source

2012Laboratory research

Bremelanotide.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide." Abstract excerpt: Bremelanotide is a parenterally administered melanocortin receptor agonist that is used to treat female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Bremelanotide has been reported to cause mild serum enzyme elevations during therapy and has been implicated in rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury.

Source: other
PubMed: 34436837

Open original source

2019Laboratory research

Bremelanotide: First Approval.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide: First Approval." Abstract excerpt: Bremelanotide (Vyleesi™) is a melanocortin receptor agonist recently approved in the USA for the treatment of premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), as characterized by low sexual desire that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. It is a self-administered, on-demand subcutaneous therapy. Initially developed by Palatin Technolog

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01187-w
PubMed: 31429064

Open original source

2022Laboratory research

Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program.

Summarizes safety observations across the bremelanotide development program; population and study design limits apply.

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0191
PubMed: 35147466

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

(033) Examining the Neuroanatomical Basis of Bremelanotide, a Drug for Low Sexual Desire in Women

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdad061.033

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire syndrome in pre-menopausal women

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1016/j.nsa.2023.103648

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Review for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1111/dom.14672/v2/review1

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Author response for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1111/dom.14672/v2/response1

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Decision letter for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1111/dom.14672/v2/decision1

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire.

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14010006
PubMed: 35076581

Open original source

2007Insufficient evidence

Bremelanotide: an overview of preclinical CNS effects on female sexual function.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide: an overview of preclinical CNS effects on female sexual function." Abstract excerpt: Bremelanotide is an analogue of the naturally occurring peptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). It stimulates erection in men and male rats, and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. To review the effects of bremelanotide, an analogue of the naturally occurring peptide alpha-MSH, on the preclinical indices of sexual desire in female rats, and

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00610.x
PubMed: 17958619

Open original source

2020Insufficient evidence

Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder." Abstract excerpt: Objective: To review data regarding bremelanotide, a recently approved therapy for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). Data Sources: Literature search of Medline, SCOPUS, and EMBASE was performed using the search terms bremelanotide, bremelanotide injection, Vyleesi , and melanocortin 4 receptor agonist between January 1, 1996, and December 15, 2019. Reference lists from included articles we

Source: systematic_review_or_meta_analysis
DOI: 10.1177/1060028019899152
PubMed: 31893927

Open original source

2006Insufficient evidence

Bremelanotide.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide." Abstract excerpt: No information is available on the clinical use of bremelanotide during breastfeeding. Because bremelanotide is a cyclic peptide molecule with a molecular weight of 1025, the amount in milk is likely to be very low and absorption is unlikely because it is probably destroyed in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. Until more data become available, bremelanotide should be used with caution during br

Source: other
PubMed: 31369224

Open original source

2023Insufficient evidence

An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder." Abstract excerpt: Female sexual response implies a deep intertwining between psychosocial and neurobiological mediators. Regulation of central melanocortin signaling may enhance sexual desire. In premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide (Vyleesi) has been hypothesized to trigger excitatory brain pathways. Hereby we summarize bremelanotide's propo

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2132144
PubMed: 36242769

Open original source

2019Insufficient evidence

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder." Abstract excerpt: To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of bremelanotide as treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. Women who completed the 24-week double-blind core phase of RECONNECT, composed of two parallel phase 3 trials (301 and 302) examining the safety and efficacy of bremelanotide compared with placebo in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder, co

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000003514
PubMed: 31599847

Open original source

2024Insufficient evidence

Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder." Abstract excerpt: Efficacy outcomes are only informative to the extent that they are validated. We examined the measurement properties of efficacy measures from the phase III ("RECONNECT") bremelanotide trials for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women. Continuous efficacy outcomes, including a) the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and its Desire domain (FSFI-D) and b) the Female Sexual Distress Scale

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2023.2175192
PubMed: 36809187

Open original source

2021Insufficient evidence

The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: RECONNECT Exit Study Results.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: RECONNECT Exit Study Results." Abstract excerpt: Background: Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) has a significant negative impact on women's overall health and relationships with their partners. Primary analyses from the RECONNECT clinical trials demonstrated statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in sexual desire and related distress with bremelanotide relative to placebo in premenopausal women with HSDD. Exit su

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8460
PubMed: 33538638

Open original source

2017Insufficient evidence

Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide." Abstract excerpt: Melanocortin receptor agonists that bind to the melanocortin receptor 4 may cause increases in blood pressure (BP). Bremelanotide is an on-demand, subcutaneous melanocortin-receptor agonist that binds to the melanocortin receptor 4 and is being developed for the treatment of female sexual dysfunction. We studied the effects of bremelanotide administration on ambulatory BP and heart rate (HR), in a

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001221
PubMed: 27977473

Open original source

2006Insufficient evidence

An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist." Abstract excerpt: Melanocortins affect multiple physiological responses, including sexual behaviors. Bremelanotide is a synthetic peptide melanocortin analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone that is an agonist at melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R. To evaluate a single intranasal dose of bremelanotide for potential effects on physiological and subjective measurements of sexual arousal and desire in premeno

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00268.x
PubMed: 16839319

Open original source

2019Insufficient evidence

Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide." Abstract excerpt: Responder analyses are used to determine whether changes that occur during a clinical trial are clinically meaningful; for subjective endpoints such as those based on patient-reported outcomes (PROs), responder analyses are particularly useful. To identify the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for selected scores on questionnaires assessing female sexual functioning and to use these d

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.05.012
PubMed: 31277966

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Cryo-EM structure of bremelanotide-MC4R-Gs_Nb35 complex

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.2210/pdb7f55/pdb

Open original source

2021Insufficient evidence

Bremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent." Abstract excerpt: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two drugs for 'hypoactive sexual desire disorder' in women, flibanserin (Addyi) in 2015 and bremelanotide (Vyleesi) in 2019. In this paper we examine the outcome measures and clinical trial data upon which regulatory approval was based. In clinical trials, flibanserin led to an average of only one additional enjoyable sexual experience every t

Source: peer_reviewed_research
DOI: 10.1136/dtb.2021.000020
PubMed: 34642243

Open original source

2019Insufficient evidence

Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Content-verified record concerning Bremelanotide: "Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder." (identity confirmed; no abstract text available to excerpt.)

Source: systematic_review_or_meta_analysis
PubMed: 31381550

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Comprehensive characterization of bremelanotide acetate and its degradants by LC-HRMS/MS and predicting epimerization through computational modelling.

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1039/d6ay01098a
PubMed: 42485063

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Should Bremelanotide Be Considered for the Treatment of Sexual Arousal and Desire Disorders in Men?

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000002179
PubMed: 41960633

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

TIRZEPATIDE, ELAMIPRETIDE (SS-31), TESAMORELIN AND BREMELANOTIDE: MECHANISTIC FOUNDATIONS, CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS IN METABOLIC, MITOCHONDRIAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE CONTEXTS

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.65671/g269y606

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

(060) Comparison of Prescribing and Google Trends Between Bremelanotide (Vyleesi®) and Flibanserin (Addyi®) for Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdag063.057

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

(122) POSITIVE EFFECTS OF BREMELANOTIDE ON FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL AND ORGASM IN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH HSDD: FSFI DATA FROM THE RECONNECT TRIALS

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf068.108

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

G-423 Efficacy of Bremelanotide (BMT) to Stabilize Podocyte Function and Reduce Proteinuria in Adults with Type II Diabetic Nephropathy: Results from a Phase IIb, Open-Label Study

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2025.02.424

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

(396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Desire: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Clinical Considerations

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf320.390

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

BREMELANOTIDE

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1017/9781009464772.015

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

(227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae001.217

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

(235) Use of Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) in Men with Sexual Dysfunctions

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae001.225

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

(035) USE OF BREMELANOTIDE IN MEN WITH SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION AT A SEXUAL MEDICINE CLINIC

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae161.029

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) A Melanocortin Receptor Agonist for Treating Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1002/9781394225156.ch16

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

PD52-03 USE OF THE CNS AGENT BREMELANOTIDE IN MEN WITH SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION: RESULTS FROM A SEXUAL MEDICINE CLINIC

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0001009412.04863.1b.03

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

Expression of Concern: Salvage of Sildenafil Failures With Bremelanotide: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study.

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1097/ju.0000000000003117
PubMed: 36626345

Open original source

Insufficient evidence

(020) Real-World Use of Bremelanotide in One Sexual Medicine Clinic Treating Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Source reference associated with Bremelanotide. Source identity and peptide connection confirmed; scientific conclusions and evidence strength have not been assessed in this source-linking step.

Source: other
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdad061.020

Open original source

Scientific context

Chemistry and represented biological context

Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.

Open chemistry and biological context ↓

Chemical identity

Molecular and structural record

Structured record

Molecular formula: C50H68N14O10
Molecular weight (Da): 1025.2
SMILES: CCCCC(C(=O)NC1CC(=O)NCCCCC(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(NC1=O)CC2=CN=CN2)CC3=CC=CC=C3)CCCN=C(N)N)CC4=CNC5=CC=CC=C54)C(=O)O)NC(=O)C
InChI: InChI=1S/C50H68N14O10/c1-3-4-16-35(58-29(2)65)43(67)64-41-25-42(66)54-20-11-10-18-37(49(73)74)60-46(70)39(23-31-26-56-34-17-9-8-15-33(31)34)62-44(68)36(19-12-21-55-50(51)52)59-45(69)38(22-30-13-6-5-7-14-30)61-47(71)40(63-48(41)72)24-32-27-53-28-57-32/h5-9,13-15,17,26-28,35-41,56H,3-4,10-12,16,18-25H2,1-2H3,(H,53,57)(H,54,66)(H,58,65)(H,59,69)(H,60,70)(H,61,71)(H,62,68)(H,63,72)(H,64,67)(H,73,74)(H4,51,52,55)/t35-,36-,37-,38+,39-,40-,41-/m0/s1
InChIKey: FFHBJDQSGDNCIV-MFVUMRCOSA-N

Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.

Explore further

Continue through the research system

Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.

Compare peptides

Examine represented peptide records side by side.

Evidence system

Explore how scientific evidence is represented and reviewed.

Research hub

Enter the broader research and intelligence environment.

Methodology

Review project methods, boundaries, and interpretation rules.

Research

How the scientific record is developing

Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.

Research chronology

2004 · study · Temporal status not established
PT-141 Palatin.
peer_reviewed_research
2006 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide.
other
2006 · study · Temporal status not established
An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist.
peer_reviewed_research
2007 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide: an overview of preclinical CNS effects on female sexual function.
peer_reviewed_research
2008 · study · Temporal status not established
Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.
peer_reviewed_research
2012 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide.
other
2016 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial.
peer_reviewed_research
2016 · study · Temporal status not established
Re: Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial.
peer_reviewed_research
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants.
peer_reviewed_research
2017 · study · Temporal status not established
Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide.
peer_reviewed_research
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.
peer_reviewed_research
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide: First Approval.
peer_reviewed_research
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
peer_reviewed_research
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide.
peer_reviewed_research
2019 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
systematic_review_or_meta_analysis
2020 · study · Temporal status not established
Ultra-sensitive quantification of the therapeutic cyclic peptide bremelanotide utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS for evaluation of its oral plasma pharmacokinetics.
peer_reviewed_research
2020 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
systematic_review_or_meta_analysis
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women.
peer_reviewed_research
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
Failure of a Meta-analysis: A Commentary on Glen Spielmans's "Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for 'Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women'".
peer_reviewed_research
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
LC-HRMS characterization of the skin pigmentation and sexual enhancers melanotan II and bremelanotide sold on the black market of performance and image enhancing drugs.
peer_reviewed_research
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: RECONNECT Exit Study Results.
peer_reviewed_research
2021 · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent.
peer_reviewed_research
2022 · study · Temporal status not established
Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide.
peer_reviewed_research
2022 · study · Temporal status not established
Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials.
peer_reviewed_research
2022 · study · Temporal status not established
The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.
peer_reviewed_research
2022 · study · Temporal status not established
Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program.
peer_reviewed_research
2023 · study · Temporal status not established
An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
peer_reviewed_research
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma Cells via Suppression of Survivin Expression.
peer_reviewed_research
2024 · study · Temporal status not established
Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.
peer_reviewed_research
2025 · study · Temporal status not established
Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
peer_reviewed_research
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: not_approved
European Union — EMA
2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established
Regulatory review: approved
United States — FDA
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
(033) Examining the Neuroanatomical Basis of Bremelanotide, a Drug for Low Sexual Desire in Women
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire syndrome in pre-menopausal women
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Review for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Author response for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Decision letter for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire.
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Cryo-EM structure of bremelanotide-MC4R-Gs_Nb35 complex
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Comprehensive characterization of bremelanotide acetate and its degradants by LC-HRMS/MS and predicting epimerization through computational modelling.
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Should Bremelanotide Be Considered for the Treatment of Sexual Arousal and Desire Disorders in Men?
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
TIRZEPATIDE, ELAMIPRETIDE (SS-31), TESAMORELIN AND BREMELANOTIDE: MECHANISTIC FOUNDATIONS, CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS IN METABOLIC, MITOCHONDRIAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE CONTEXTS
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
(060) Comparison of Prescribing and Google Trends Between Bremelanotide (Vyleesi®) and Flibanserin (Addyi®) for Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
(122) POSITIVE EFFECTS OF BREMELANOTIDE ON FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL AND ORGASM IN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH HSDD: FSFI DATA FROM THE RECONNECT TRIALS
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
G-423 Efficacy of Bremelanotide (BMT) to Stabilize Podocyte Function and Reduce Proteinuria in Adults with Type II Diabetic Nephropathy: Results from a Phase IIb, Open-Label Study
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
(396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Desire: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Clinical Considerations
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
BREMELANOTIDE
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
(227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
(235) Use of Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) in Men with Sexual Dysfunctions
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
(035) USE OF BREMELANOTIDE IN MEN WITH SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION AT A SEXUAL MEDICINE CLINIC
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) A Melanocortin Receptor Agonist for Treating Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
PD52-03 USE OF THE CNS AGENT BREMELANOTIDE IN MEN WITH SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION: RESULTS FROM A SEXUAL MEDICINE CLINIC
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
Expression of Concern: Salvage of Sildenafil Failures With Bremelanotide: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study.
other
Date unavailable · study · Temporal status not established
(020) Real-World Use of Bremelanotide in One Sexual Medicine Clinic Treating Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
other

The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.

Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.

Connections

Follow the scientific relationships

Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.

Open 3 represented connections ↓

institution

peer_reviewed_research

represented evidence source

institution

other

represented evidence source

institution

systematic_review_or_meta_analysis

represented evidence source

Traceability

Follow the record back to its source

The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.

Source publication state

A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.

Reviewer provenance state

“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.

Domain conclusion → Evidence

Connected

Evidence → Source

Connected

Source → Original record

Connected

Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.

Reconciled for 6 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.

Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the Bremelanotide evidence-governance section.

Inspect the ranked source records

Observational archive

What contributors reported

Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.

Observational boundary

Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.

Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.

Regulatory context

Published jurisdictional records

Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.

European Union — EMA

Regulator: EMA

not_approved

As of: 9/23/2026 · Temporal status not established

European Medicines Agency medicines database

United States — FDA

Regulator: FDA

approved

As of: 9/23/2026 · Temporal status not established

FDA VYLEESI (bremelanotide injection) prescribing information

Research + media

Media connected to this scientific record

Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.

No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.

Sources + provenance

Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact

The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.

Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.

Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.

Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.

Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.

Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.

Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.

Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.

A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.

Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.

Generated: 11/8/2026, 5:24:50 PM

global evidence atlas

Bremelanotide research, ranked and separated by purpose

This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.

181Discoverable source universe

181Ranked screening records

6Research domains

0Accountably approved conclusions

SearchDomainEvidence class

181 matching records · ranked 2026-09-18

Page 1 of 8

#1Proposed tier Unassignedcontextual unclassifiedAwaiting human appraisal

(060) Comparison of Prescribing and Google Trends Between Bremelanotide (Vyleesi®) and Flibanserin (Addyi®) for Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

OpenAlex · 2026 · Source ID doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdag063.057 · DOI 10.1093/jsxmed/qdag063.057

contextual-unclassified

#2Proposed tier UnassignedsynthesisAwaiting human appraisal

Clinical trial evidence on emerging pharmacological therapies for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: a systematic review and analysis of completed studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov.

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42254382 · DOI 10.3389/fmed.2026.1789809

synthesis

#3Proposed tier UnassignedsynthesisAwaiting human appraisal

Comprehensive characterization of bremelanotide acetate and its degradants by LC-HRMS/MS and predicting epimerization through computational modelling.

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42485063 · DOI 10.1039/d6ay01098a

synthesis

#4Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

FDA-Approved Drugs Containing D-Amino Acids: A Historical and Developmental Perspective.

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42041173 · DOI 10.1002/ddr.70293

preclinical-animal

#5Proposed tier UnassignedsynthesisAwaiting human appraisal

Female Sexual Desire, Arousal, and Orgasmic Dysfunctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Treatment Options.

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 40543759 · DOI 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.06.004

synthesis

#6Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

Goldilocks-Inspired Design of Mid-Size Macrocycles for Selective Targeting of Human Melanocortin Receptors.

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42340853 · DOI 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6c01074

preclinical-animal

#7Proposed tier Unassignedhuman interventionalAwaiting human appraisal

Quantification of "Mercy Sex" in Heterosexual Women.

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42144994 · DOI 10.1080/0092623x.2026.2651862

human-interventional

#8Proposed tier Unassignedcontextual unclassifiedAwaiting human appraisal

Should Bremelanotide Be Considered for the Treatment of Sexual Arousal and Desire Disorders in Men?

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41960633 · DOI 10.1097/jcp.0000000000002179

contextual-unclassified

#9Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

Strategies for Treating Sexual Health Concerns After Breast and Gynecologic Cancer.

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 41419078 · DOI 10.1016/j.jmig.2025.12.021

preclinical-animal

#10Proposed tier Unassignedcontextual unclassifiedAwaiting human appraisal

TIRZEPATIDE, ELAMIPRETIDE (SS-31), TESAMORELIN AND BREMELANOTIDE: MECHANISTIC FOUNDATIONS, CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS IN METABOLIC, MITOCHONDRIAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE CONTEXTS

OpenAlex · 2026 · Source ID doi:10.65671/g269y606 · DOI 10.65671/g269y606

contextual-unclassified

#11Proposed tier Unassignedhuman interventionalAwaiting human appraisal

Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging.

Europe PMC · 2026 · PMID 42021992 · DOI 10.3389/fragi.2026.1790247

human-interventional

#12Proposed tier Unassignedcontextual unclassifiedAwaiting human appraisal

(122) POSITIVE EFFECTS OF BREMELANOTIDE ON FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL AND ORGASM IN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH HSDD: FSFI DATA FROM THE RECONNECT TRIALS

OpenAlex · 2025 · Source ID doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf068.108 · DOI 10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf068.108

contextual-unclassified

#13Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

(396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Desire: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Clinical Considerations

OpenAlex · 2025 · Source ID doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf320.390 · DOI 10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf320.390

preclinical-animal

#14Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

2024 SOGC, 2024 NCCN, 2022 ESO-ESMO, and 2018 ASCO: a comparison of female cancer survivorship guidelines for the management of sexual health concerns.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 40518469 · DOI 10.1007/s00520-025-09640-1

preclinical-animal

#15Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

A biodegradable suction patch for sustainable transbuccal peptide delivery

Europe PMC · 2025 · Source ID agr:ind609222970

preclinical-animal

#16Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

A biodegradable suction patch for sustainable transbuccal peptide delivery.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 40513668 · DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113947

preclinical-animal

#17Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

FDA-approved drugs as potential covalent inhibitors of key SARS-CoV-2 proteins: an in silico approach.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 40678415 · DOI 10.55730/1300-0152.2741

preclinical-animal

#18Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 39793696 · DOI 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2025.110299

preclinical-animal

#19Proposed tier Unassignedcontextual unclassifiedAwaiting human appraisal

G-423 Efficacy of Bremelanotide (BMT) to Stabilize Podocyte Function and Reduce Proteinuria in Adults with Type II Diabetic Nephropathy: Results from a Phase IIb, Open-Label Study

OpenAlex · 2025 · Source ID doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2025.02.424 · DOI 10.1053/j.ajkd.2025.02.424

contextual-unclassified

#20Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

Novel Pharmacologic Treatments of Female Sexual Dysfunction.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 39846877 · DOI 10.1097/grf.0000000000000922

preclinical-animal

#21Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

Pharmacotherapy of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Premenopausal Women.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 38767282 · DOI 10.1177/10600280241253273

preclinical-animal

#22Proposed tier Unassignedpreclinical animalAwaiting human appraisal

Polymorphism of Melanocortin Receptor Genes-Association with Inflammatory Traits and Diseases.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 41002740 · DOI 10.3390/diseases13090305

preclinical-animal

#23Proposed tier Unassignedhuman interventionalAwaiting human appraisal

Practical considerations and emerging approaches for the management of vasomotor and sexual symptoms in breast cancer patients on endocrine therapies.

Europe PMC · 2025 · PMID 41088800 · DOI 10.1080/17512433.2025.2573780

human-interventional

#24Proposed tier Unassignedcontextual unclassifiedAwaiting human appraisal

(035) USE OF BREMELANOTIDE IN MEN WITH SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION AT A SEXUAL MEDICINE CLINIC

OpenAlex · 2024 · Source ID doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae161.029 · DOI 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae161.029

contextual-unclassified

#25Proposed tier Unassignedcontextual unclassifiedAwaiting human appraisal

(227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic

OpenAlex · 2024 · Source ID doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae001.217 · DOI 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae001.217

contextual-unclassified

Count reconciliation: 181 discoverable source records match the peptide identity query; 181 are retained in this bounded, ranked screening view; 0 belong to the separate governed layer labeled “Accountably approved conclusions.” Domain totals overlap because one publication may inform several questions.

governance and regulatory context

Bremelanotide: what this atlas does and does not establish

Last checked: 2026-09-18
Accountable publication approval: Not yet approved by a named accountable reviewer. Machine screening only.

No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.

1 FDA structured product label record(s) were identified for this compound name in openFDA. Label presence reflects an approved product exists under that name; it is not a claim about the specific formulation, dose, or use being discussed anywhere else on this page.

No machine-proposed evidence-strength grades exist yet for this compound; all screening records are unassigned pending further review.

Bremelanotide evidence · ranking key

How evidence is ranked

A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.

Practice-defining evidence

Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.

Strong supporting evidence

Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.

Contextual evidence

Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.

Signal-generating evidence

Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.

Tier and confidence answer different questions

Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.

Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.

Suggested citation

APA
World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). Bremelanotide — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 26, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/bremelanotide
AMA / Vancouver
World Peptide Foundation. Bremelanotide — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 26, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/bremelanotide

Where is Bremelanotide being studied?

Bremelanotide

No community pattern is displayed yet

The state of the record

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women.

Prespecified and Integrated Subgroup Analyses from the RECONNECT Phase 3 Studies of Bremelanotide.

Failure of a Meta-analysis: A Commentary on Glen Spielmans's "Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for 'Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women'".

Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.

Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants.

Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.

Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial.

Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: Data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials.

Re: Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial.

LC-HRMS characterization of the skin pigmentation and sexual enhancers melanotan II and bremelanotide sold on the black market of performance and image enhancing drugs.

Ultra-sensitive quantification of the therapeutic cyclic peptide bremelanotide utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS for evaluation of its oral plasma pharmacokinetics.

PT-141 Palatin.

Melanocortin Receptor Agonist Bremelanotide Induces Cell Death and Growth Inhibition in Glioblastoma Cells <i>via</i> Suppression of Survivin Expression.

The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.

Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Bremelanotide.

Bremelanotide: First Approval.

Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Program.

(033) Examining the Neuroanatomical Basis of Bremelanotide, a Drug for Low Sexual Desire in Women

Bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire syndrome in pre-menopausal women

Review for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"

Author response for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"

Decision letter for "Effect of bremelanotide on body weight of obese women: data from two phase 1 randomized controlled trials"

Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire.

Bremelanotide: an overview of preclinical CNS effects on female sexual function.

Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.

Bremelanotide.

An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.

Small Effects, Questionable Outcomes: Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.

The Patient Experience of Premenopausal Women Treated with Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: RECONNECT Exit Study Results.

Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide.

An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist.

Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide.

Cryo-EM structure of bremelanotide-MC4R-Gs_Nb35 complex

Bremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent.

Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Comprehensive characterization of bremelanotide acetate and its degradants by LC-HRMS/MS and predicting epimerization through computational modelling.

Should Bremelanotide Be Considered for the Treatment of Sexual Arousal and Desire Disorders in Men?

TIRZEPATIDE, ELAMIPRETIDE (SS-31), TESAMORELIN AND BREMELANOTIDE: MECHANISTIC FOUNDATIONS, CLINICAL EVIDENCE AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS IN METABOLIC, MITOCHONDRIAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE CONTEXTS

(060) Comparison of Prescribing and Google Trends Between Bremelanotide (Vyleesi®) and Flibanserin (Addyi®) for Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

(122) POSITIVE EFFECTS OF BREMELANOTIDE ON FEMALE SEXUAL AROUSAL AND ORGASM IN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH HSDD: FSFI DATA FROM THE RECONNECT TRIALS

G-423 Efficacy of Bremelanotide (BMT) to Stabilize Podocyte Function and Reduce Proteinuria in Adults with Type II Diabetic Nephropathy: Results from a Phase IIb, Open-Label Study

(396) Comparative Analysis of Flibanserin, Bremelanotide, and Testosterone Therapy for Female Sexual Desire: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Clinical Considerations

BREMELANOTIDE

(227) Use of the CNS Agent Bremelanotide in Men with Sexual Dysfunction: Results from a Sexual Medicine Clinic

(235) Use of Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) in Men with Sexual Dysfunctions

(035) USE OF BREMELANOTIDE IN MEN WITH SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION AT A SEXUAL MEDICINE CLINIC

Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) A Melanocortin Receptor Agonist for Treating Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

PD52-03 USE OF THE CNS AGENT BREMELANOTIDE IN MEN WITH SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION: RESULTS FROM A SEXUAL MEDICINE CLINIC

Expression of Concern: Salvage of Sildenafil Failures With Bremelanotide: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study.

(020) Real-World Use of Bremelanotide in One Sexual Medicine Clinic Treating Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Chemistry and represented biological context

Molecular and structural record

Continue through the research system

Research discovery

How the scientific record is developing

Research chronology

PT-141 Palatin.

Bremelanotide.

An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist.

Bremelanotide: an overview of preclinical CNS effects on female sexual function.

Salvage of sildenafil failures with bremelanotide: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study.

Bremelanotide.

Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial.

Re: Bremelanotide for Female Sexual Dysfunctions in Premenopausal Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dose-Finding Trial.

Phase I Randomized Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study of the Safety and Tolerability of Bremelanotide Coadministered With Ethanol in Healthy Male and Female Participants.

Usefulness of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to assess the melanocortin receptor agonist bremelanotide.

Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials.

Bremelanotide: First Approval.

Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder.

Responder Analyses from a Phase 2b Dose-Ranging Study of Bremelanotide.

Bremelanotide (Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

Ultra-sensitive quantification of the therapeutic cyclic peptide bremelanotide utilizing UHPLC-MS/MS for evaluation of its oral plasma pharmacokinetics.