WORLD PEPTIDEFOUNDATION

Where is TB-500 being studied?

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Scientific intelligence record

Experience 2.0

Synthetic thymosin-related research peptide

TB-500

Also known as: TB500, Thymosin beta-4 fragment, Tβ4-related peptide

TB-500 is a non-standardized market name commonly associated with a synthetic fragment or derivative of thymosin beta-4. Thymosin beta-4 binds actin and has been studied in cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and repair; those findings cannot automatically be attributed to every product sold as TB-500.

Record status

Traceability partial

Last meaningful update: 9/8/2026

Evidence searched through:
Not recorded
Assessment updated:
9/8/2026
Documented human review:
No documented human review recorded
Automated scientific assessment:
9/8/2026
AI source check:
9/26/2026

Published source links and profile text pass separate gates. Only a documented human review is labelled as human review; an automated scientific assessment applies deterministic checks, and an AI source check confirms only that a source exists and matches its identifiers. A source count alone does not establish a review.

Evidence coverage has three distinct layers. The corpus count is a transparent screening inventory, the featured set contains study-level tiering and interpretation, and the published-source count contains records promoted through the institutional publication workflow. Source validation, editorial publication, and scientific appraisal are separate decisions; these numbers must not be merged.

Ranked research corpus

53

Categorized publications with provisional ranking; scientific review remains separate.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.

Research domains

4

Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.

Published source records

25

Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.

Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled so screening is not represented as completed review.

Human experience · separate evidence stream

No community pattern is displayed yet

Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.

Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.

Public display gate

n ≥ 20 eligible observations

Exact progress remains private before the threshold.

Contribute an observationArchive details

Intelligence snapshot

The state of the record

A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.

Ranked research corpus

53

Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.

Research domains

4

Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.

Published source records

25

Source records published through the governed workflow; this count does not certify scientific conclusions.

Contradictions

0

Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.

Research gaps

1

Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.

Connected media

0

Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.

What we know

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.

Reconciled domain conclusions

4 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

TB-500 no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded synthesis, confidence level, evidence context, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps. Publication of these syntheses is separate from the scientific review status shown above.

Inspect the reconciled evidence atlas
Inspect the published evidence record25 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓
2026Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength C · 63/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.

Our objective is to present the pharmacological mechanisms, safety profiles, and regulatory status of prominent approved and unapproved peptides marketed direct to patients, including AOD-9604 (anti-obesity drug 9604), BPC-157 (body protection compound 157), CJC-1295, FS-344 (fol …

Authors
Mendias CL, Awan TM.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0
PubMed
41966639
Open original source
2025Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength C · 63/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids.

Interestingly, the expression level of the gene TMSB4X that encodes thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta4) significantly decreased both in fAD organoids' neurons and AD patients' excitatory neurons. ...

Authors
Zeng PM, Sun XY, Li Y, Wu WD, Huang J, Cao DD, Qian PJ, Ju XC, Luo ZG.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.stemcr.2025.102601
PubMed
40816274
Open original source
2025Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength C · 63/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.

AIMS: Despite advancements in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), cardiac dysfunction remains a challenge in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Although thymosin beta 4 has shown cardioprotective effects in preclin …

Authors
Zhang Y, Dong Q, Bian X, Qiao Z, Cui C, Yang N, Liu J, Fu R, Zhang J, Jia L, Wu C, Guo J, Lin W, Wang J, Fan J, Li Y, Liu F, Yang B, Jia X, Gao C, Bai M, He Y, Han C, Yin D, Dou K.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1093/cvr/cvaf223
PubMed
41229390
Open original source
2012Animal research
Evidence strength D · 50/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4 ameliorates hyperglycemia and improves insulin resistance of KK Cg-Ay/J mouse.

OBJECT: To evaluate the efficacy of thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta(4)) on hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ...

Authors
Zhu J, Su LP, Ye L, Lee KO, Ma JH.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.diabres.2011.12.009
PubMed
22217673
Open original source
2023Animal research
Evidence strength D · 50/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Deficiency of endothelial sirtuin1 in mice stimulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity by modifying the secretome.

Endothelial Sirt1 deficiency, by inhibiting autophagy and activating nuclear factor-kappa B signaling, augments expression and secretion of thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta4) that promotes insulin signaling in skeletal myotubes. Thus, unlike in skeletal myocytes, Sirt1 …

Authors
Li Q, Zhang Q, Kim YR, Gaddam RR, Jacobs JS, Bachschmid MM, Younis T, Zhu Z, Zingman L, London B, Rauckhorst AJ, Taylor EB, Norris AW, Vikram A, Irani K.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/s41467-023-41351-1
PubMed
37696839
Open original source
2017Animal research
Evidence strength D · 50/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin beta(4) suppresses experimental colitis in mice.

AIM: To investigate the protective effect of a recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin beta(4) (AAV-Tbeta(4)) on murine colitis via intracolonic administration. METHODS: AAV-Tbeta(4) was prepared and intracolonically used to mediate the secretory …

Authors
Zheng XY, Lv YF, Li S, Li Q, Zhang QN, Zhang XT, Hao ZM.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3748/wjg.v23.i2.242
PubMed
28127198
Open original source
2016Animal research
Evidence strength D · 50/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Loss of endogenous thymosin beta(4) accelerates glomerular disease.

However, the role of endogenous thymosin beta(4) in the kidney is unknown. We demonstrate that thymosin beta(4) is expressed prominently in podocytes of developing and adult mouse glomeruli. ...Lack of thymosin beta(4 …

Authors
Vasilopoulou E, Kolatsi-Joannou M, Lindenmeyer MT, White KE, Robson MG, Cohen CD, Sebire NJ, Riley PR, Winyard PJ, Long DA.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.kint.2016.06.032
PubMed
27575556
Open original source
2023Animal research
Evidence strength D · 50/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4 prevents systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced plaque load in middle-age APP/PS1 mice.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by the gut during systemic infections and inflammation is thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Since thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta4) effectively reduces LPS-induced inflammation in sepsis, we tested its pot …

Authors
Othman O, Marshall H, Masterson M, Winlow P, Gibson G, Ding Y, Pardon MC.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109951
PubMed
36878045
Open original source
1985Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4-like peptides.

This peer-reviewed source examines Thymosin beta 4-like peptides.

Authors
Horecker BL, Erickson-Viitanen S, Hannappel E.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/s0076-6879(85)16020-9
PubMed
4088088
Open original source
2020Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4 attenuates PrP(106-126)-induced human brain endothelial cells dysfunction.

Prion diseases are neurodegenerative pathologies characterized by the accumulation of altered forms of the prion protein (PrP), named PrP(Sc). Thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta(4)) is an actin-sequestering peptide known to bind monomeric actin and inhibit its polymeriza …

Authors
Song K, Han HJ, Kim S, Kwon J.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172891
PubMed
31877278
Open original source
2023Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis.

To this end, treatments are needed that both regulate the inflammatory response and promote corneal wound healing to resolve visual disturbances and improve quality of life. Thymosin beta 4 is a small, naturally occurring 43-amino-acid protein that promotes w …

Authors
Sosne G, Berger EA.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109953
PubMed
37018981
Open original source
2025Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.

This peer-reviewed source examines Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.

Authors
Jin Z, Li H, Li J, Chang Y, Piao Z, Jin Q, Jin T.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.cellsig.2025.112111
PubMed
40912522
Open original source
1985Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4.

This peer-reviewed source examines Thymosin beta 4.

Authors
Low TL, Goldstein AL.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/s0076-6879(85)16018-0
PubMed
4088087
Open original source
2026Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 63/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
72/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine.

PURPOSE: To summarize existing peer-reviewed data on 6 emerging peptides (BPC-157, thymosin beta-4 or TB-500, CJC-1295, MK-677, ipamorelin, and GHK-Cu [copper peptide]) for musculoskeletal recovery and enhancement in animal and human models. ... …

Authors
Tewari K, Liu TP, Im C, Hamad C, Petrigliano F, Cheung EC, Kremen TJ Jr.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1177/03635465261464420
PubMed
42578445
Open original source
2012Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications.

INTRODUCTION: Thymosin beta(4), a low molecular weight, naturally-occurring peptide plays a vital role in the repair and regeneration of injured cells and tissues. ...Thymosin beta(4) also decreases the number of myofibroblasts in wounds, …

Authors
Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1517/14712598.2012.634793
PubMed
22074294
Open original source
2007Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The beta-thymosin enigma.

Actin dynamics in nonmuscle cells is controlled by the availability of actin nucleating sites and actin monomers. Thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta-4) has been implicated in modulating the availability of actin monomers in a large variety of cells. ...

Authors
Sun HQ, Yin HL.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1196/annals.1415.021
PubMed
17495248
Open original source
2007Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

beta-Thymosins.

The identification of a biological function of thymosin beta(4) was tedious. In 1990, Dan Safer and his colleagues recognized that thymosin beta(4) sequesters G-actin. ...Several biological effects are attributed to thymosin bet …

Authors
Hannappel E.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1196/annals.1415.018
PubMed
17468232
Open original source
2024Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The subcommissural organ regulates brain development via secreted peptides.

Unbiased peptidomic analysis revealed enrichment of three SCO-derived peptides, namely, thymosin beta 4, thymosin beta 10 and NP24, and their reintroduction into SCO-ablated brain ventricles substantially rescued developmental defects. ...

Authors
Zhang T, Ai D, Wei P, Xu Y, Bi Z, Ma F, Li F, Chen XJ, Zhang Z, Zou X, Guo Z, Zhao Y, Li JL, Ye M, Feng Z, Zhang X, Zheng L, Yu J, Li C, Tu T, Zeng H, Lei J, Zhang H, Hong T, Zhang L, Luo B, Li Z, Xing C, Jia C, Li L, Sun W, Ge WP.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/s41593-024-01639-x
PubMed
38741020
Open original source
2025Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.

This study aims to enhance the survival of fat grafts by investigating the role of thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta4) in facilitating mitochondrial transfer from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to adipocytes and newly formed blood vessels within the grafts via tunne …

Authors
Zhang X, Lin Y, Li H, Wang Q, Mu D.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.12.061
PubMed
39761767
Open original source
1997Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Thymosin beta 4 (T beta 4) is a 4.9 kDa polypeptide that interacts with G-actin and is thought to be an important mediator in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. ...

Authors
Malinda KM, Goldstein AL, Kleinman HK.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1096/fasebj.11.6.9194528
PubMed
9194528
Open original source
2017Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

BACKGROUND: Thymosin beta-4 (TB4) is an X-linked gene product with cardioprotective properties. Little is known about plasma concentration of TB4 in heart failure (HF), and its relationship with other cardiovascular biomarkers. ...

Authors
Drum CL, Tan WKY, Chan SP, Pakkiri LS, Chong JPC, Liew OW, Ng TP, Ling LH, Sim D, Leong KG, Yeo DPS, Ong HY, Jaufeerally F, Wong RCC, Chai P, Low AF, Davidsson P, Liljeblad M, Söderling AS, Gan LM, Bhat RV, Purnamawati K, Lam CSP, Richards AM.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1161/JAHA.117.005586
PubMed
28611096
Open original source
2007Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors.

Overexpression of thymosin beta-4 has been linked to malignant progression but the localization of this polypeptide within tumors is incompletely known. ...The degree of staining of breast cancer cells for thymosin beta-4 correlated neith …

Authors
Larsson LI, Holck S.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1196/annals.1415.005
PubMed
17495241
Open original source
2014Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta 4 gene silencing decreases stemness and invasiveness in glioblastoma.

Thymosin beta 4 gene silencing promotes differentiation of neural stem cells whereas thymosin beta 4 overexpression initiates cortical folding of developing brain hemispheres. A role of thymosin beta 4 in malignant gl …

Authors
Wirsching HG, Krishnan S, Florea AM, Frei K, Krayenbühl N, Hasenbach K, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Tabatabai G.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1093/brain/awt333
PubMed
24355709
Open original source
2023Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin Beta 4 Protects Hippocampal Neuronal Cells against PrP (106-126) via Neurotrophic Factor Signaling.

Prion protein peptide (PrP) has demonstrated neurotoxicity in brain cells, resulting in the progression of prion diseases with spongiform degenerative, amyloidogenic, and aggregative properties. Thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta(4)) plays a role in the nervous system an …

Authors
Kim S, Choi J, Kwon J.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/molecules28093920
PubMed
37175330
Open original source
2023Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals.

Consequentially, a need for substances which actively promote tympanic cell migration and proliferation is deemed essential. In our study, we utilized Thymosin beta-4 (TB4), a 43aa peptide possessing many regenerative properties in various organ systems. ...

Authors
Bako P, Lippai B, Nagy J, Kramer S, Kaszas B, Tornoczki T, Bock-Marquette I.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109830
PubMed
38706788
Open original source

Scientific context

Chemistry and represented biological context

Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.

Open chemistry and biological context ↓
Chemical identity

Molecular and structural record

Structured record
Amino acid sequence
Ac-LKKTETQ

Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.

Explore further

Continue through the research system

Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.

Research discovery

Compare peptides

Examine represented peptide records side by side.

Evidence system

Explore how scientific evidence is represented and reviewed.

Research hub

Enter the broader research and intelligence environment.

Methodology

Review project methods, boundaries, and interpretation rules.

Research

How the scientific record is developing

Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.

Research chronology

  1. 1985 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4-like peptides.

    peer_reviewed_research

  2. 1985 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4.

    peer_reviewed_research

  3. 1997 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

    peer_reviewed_research

  4. 2007 · study · Temporal status not established

    The beta-thymosin enigma.

    peer_reviewed_research

  5. 2007 · study · Temporal status not established

    beta-Thymosins.

    peer_reviewed_research

  6. 2007 · study · Temporal status not established

    Localization of thymosin beta-4 in tumors.

    peer_reviewed_research

  7. 2012 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4 ameliorates hyperglycemia and improves insulin resistance of KK Cg-Ay/J mouse.

    peer_reviewed_research

  8. 2012 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications.

    peer_reviewed_research

  9. 2014 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4 gene silencing decreases stemness and invasiveness in glioblastoma.

    peer_reviewed_research

  10. 2016 · study · Temporal status not established

    Loss of endogenous thymosin beta(4) accelerates glomerular disease.

    peer_reviewed_research

  11. 2017 · study · Temporal status not established

    Recombinant adeno-associated virus carrying thymosin beta(4) suppresses experimental colitis in mice.

    peer_reviewed_research

  12. 2017 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

    peer_reviewed_research

  13. 2020 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4 attenuates PrP(106-126)-induced human brain endothelial cells dysfunction.

    peer_reviewed_research

  14. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Deficiency of endothelial sirtuin1 in mice stimulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity by modifying the secretome.

    peer_reviewed_research

  15. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4 prevents systemic lipopolysaccharide-induced plaque load in middle-age APP/PS1 mice.

    peer_reviewed_research

  16. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  17. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin Beta 4 Protects Hippocampal Neuronal Cells against PrP (106-126) via Neurotrophic Factor Signaling.

    peer_reviewed_research

  18. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals.

    peer_reviewed_research

  19. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    The subcommissural organ regulates brain development via secreted peptides.

    peer_reviewed_research

  20. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Thymosin beta 4 as an Alzheimer disease intervention target identified using human brain organoids.

    peer_reviewed_research

  21. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.

    peer_reviewed_research

  22. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mechanistic study of the Tβ4/SLC7A11 signaling pathway regulating breast cancer evolution.

    peer_reviewed_research

  23. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Enhancing fat graft survival: thymosin beta-4 facilitates mitochondrial transfer from ADSCs via tunneling nanotubes by upregulating the Rac/F-actin pathway.

    peer_reviewed_research

  24. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.

    peer_reviewed_research

  25. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Peptide Supplements and Their Therapeutic Applications in Sports Medicine.

    peer_reviewed_research

  26. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    European Union (EMA)

  27. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    United States (FDA)

The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.

Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.

Researchers represented in the evidence record12 bibliographic identities · open to inspect

These are bibliographic author identities derived from represented records. Name strings are not proof of unique real-world researcher identity, and publishing organizations are not treated as institutional affiliations.

Goldstein AL

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 1985, 1997, 2012

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Hannappel E

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 1985, 2007, 2012

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Zhang X

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2017, 2024, 2025

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Hannappel E.

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 1985, 2007

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Kim S

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2020, 2023

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Kleinman HK.

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 1997, 2012

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Kwon J.

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2020, 2023

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Li J

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2024, 2025

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Li Q

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2017, 2023

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Sosne G

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2012, 2023

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Zhang Q

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2017, 2023

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Ai D

1 represented evidence record

Years represented: 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Connections

Follow the scientific relationships

Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.

Open 1 represented connection ↓

institution

peer_reviewed_research

represented evidence source

Traceability

Follow the record back to its source

The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.

Source publication state

A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.

Reviewer provenance state

“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.

Domain conclusion → Evidence

Connected

Evidence → Source

Connected

Source → Original record

Connected

Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.

Reconciled for 4 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.

Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the TB-500 evidence-governance section.

Inspect the ranked source records

Observational archive

What contributors reported

Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.

Observational boundary

Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.

Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.

Regulatory context

Published jurisdictional records

Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.

Research + media

Media connected to this scientific record

Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.

No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.

Sources + provenance

Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact

The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.
Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.
Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.
Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.
Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.
Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.
Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.
Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.
A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.
Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.

Generated: 11/8/2026, 5:24:48 PM

global evidence atlas

TB-500 research, ranked and separated by purpose

This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.

53Discoverable source universe
53Ranked screening records
4Research domains
0Accountably approved conclusions

53 matching records · ranked 2026-09-18

Page 1 of 3

Count reconciliation: 53 discoverable source records match the peptide identity query; 53 are retained in this bounded, ranked screening view; 0 belong to the separate governed layer labeled “Accountably approved conclusions.” Domain totals overlap because one publication may inform several questions.

governance and regulatory context

TB-500: what this atlas does and does not establish

Last checked
2026-09-18
Accountable publication approval
Not yet approved by a named accountable reviewer. Machine screening only.

No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction

Absence of a record in this pass is not proof that no authorization exists. Status must remain jurisdiction-, product-, formulation-, and date-specific.

  • European Union (EMA)not approvedchecked 2026-09-08

    No centrally authorized EMA medicine for the named compound was identified in the EMA medicines database as of 8 September 2026.

    European Medicines Agency medicines database
  • United States (FDA)not approvedchecked 2026-09-08

    No FDA-approved drug product or therapeutic indication for the named compound was identified in Drugs@FDA as of 8 September 2026.

    Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs

Known limitations of this pass

  • no patent candidate retained after literal filter

25 of 53 screening records carry a machine-proposed evidence-strength grade; the remainder are unassigned pending further review.

TB-500 evidence · ranking key

How evidence is ranked

A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.

A

Practice-defining evidence

Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.

B

Strong supporting evidence

Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.

C

Contextual evidence

Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.

D

Signal-generating evidence

Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.

Tier and confidence answer different questions

Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.

Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.

peptide explorer

Structural visualization and provenance

Evidence-class labeling remains visible even when interactive rendering is unavailable. Representative geometry is not an experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation.

Fully specified molecular identity

Molecular formula
C38H68N10O14
Molecular weight
889 g/mol
Exact identity / sequence notation
Ac-Leu-Lys-Lys-Thr-Glu-Thr-Gln-OH (Ac-LKKTETQ)
Identity-defining modifications
  • N-terminal acetylation
  • Seven-residue thymosin-β4 17–23 fragment
  • Not full-length 43-residue thymosin-β4
PubChem CID
62707662
InChIKey
ADKDNDYYIZUVCZ-ZQNQAVPYSA-N

This record explicitly represents the 889 Da acetylated heptapeptide, not full-length thymosin-β4 (PubChem CID 45382195).

Sources: NIH PubChem — TB-500 · reviewed 2026-09-17

Representative sequence-derived model
Structure source
Generated from this record's governed amino-acid sequence
Identifier
Not applicable — not a database structure
Method
Schematic layout ordered by residue position only; not a molecular-dynamics, homology, or fold prediction
Confidence / limitations
Illustrative only. Not physically accurate; carries no structural, binding-site, or activity meaning.
Provenance
WPF governed PeptideChemistry record
Retrieved / last reviewed
2026-09-17

This is a representative, sequence-derived model ordered by residue position only. It is not the peptide's experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation, and it carries no claim about real bond angles, distances, secondary structure, binding sites, or activity.

Suggested citation

  • APA

    World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). TB-500 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 8, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/tb-500

  • AMA / Vancouver

    World Peptide Foundation. TB-500 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 8, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/tb-500