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Where is MOTS-c being studied?

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Scientific intelligence record

Experience 2.0

Mitochondrial-derived peptide

MOTS-c

Also known as: Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA-c, MOTS-c peptide

MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA region. Experimental work links it to cellular stress responses, AMPK-related metabolism, nuclear signaling, exercise adaptation, and age-associated physiology.

Record status

Traceability partial

Last meaningful update: 9/8/2026

Evidence searched through:
Not recorded
Assessment updated:
9/8/2026
Documented human review:
No documented human review recorded
Automated scientific assessment:
9/8/2026
AI source check:
9/26/2026

Published source links and profile text pass separate gates. Only a documented human review is labelled as human review; an automated scientific assessment applies deterministic checks, and an AI source check confirms only that a source exists and matches its identifiers. A source count alone does not establish a review.

Evidence coverage has three distinct layers. The corpus count is a transparent screening inventory, the featured set contains study-level tiering and interpretation, and the published-source count contains records promoted through the institutional publication workflow. Source validation, editorial publication, and scientific appraisal are separate decisions; these numbers must not be merged.

Ranked research corpus

270

Categorized publications with provisional ranking; scientific review remains separate.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.

Research domains

6

Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.

Published source records

25

Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.

Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled so screening is not represented as completed review.

Human experience · separate evidence stream

No community pattern is displayed yet

Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.

Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.

Public display gate

n ≥ 20 eligible observations

Exact progress remains private before the threshold.

Contribute an observationArchive details

Intelligence snapshot

The state of the record

A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.

Ranked research corpus

270

Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.

Research domains

6

Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.

Published source records

25

Source records published through the governed workflow; this count does not certify scientific conclusions.

Contradictions

0

Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.

Research gaps

1

Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.

Connected media

0

Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.

What we know

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.

Reconciled domain conclusions

6 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

MOTS-c no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded synthesis, confidence level, evidence context, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps. Publication of these syntheses is separate from the scientific review status shown above.

Inspect the reconciled evidence atlas
Inspect the published evidence record25 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓
2025Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Serum Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) Dynamics as a Complementary Marker of Treatment Response in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Prospective Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated whether serum levels of mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) could provide prognostic insights in patients newly diagnosed with multiple myeloma (M …

Authors
Erol V, Avci E, Kabukcu Hacioglu S, Guler N, Akgun Cagliyan G, Ünver Koluman B, Kendir IC, Elver O, Kara K, Kaya E, Alayvaz Aslan N.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.7759/cureus.98204
PubMed
41479490
Open original source
2025Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Circulating Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S Ribosomal RNA Type-c Is Higher in Acute Coronary Syndrome and Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Major Cardiac Events in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study.

In vitro studies demonstrated that oxidative stress induces MOTS-c levels and MOTS-c treatment reduces hypoxia-induced oxidative stress through activating antioxidants. CONCLUSIONS: The circulating MOTS-c is associated with an increased r …

Authors
Cao P, Wang B, Zhang N, Yang J, Tong Q, Gong Z.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1161/JAHA.125.041905
PubMed
41368821
Open original source
2022Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Comparison of Serum Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) Levels in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls.

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major global problem, and as its pathogenesis is understood more clearly, therapeutic options expand accordingly. The mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS …

Authors
Tekin S, Bir LS, Avci E, Şenol H, Tekin I, Çınkır U.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.7759/cureus.26981
PubMed
35989823
Open original source
2026Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength C · 63/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.

Our objective is to present the pharmacological mechanisms, safety profiles, and regulatory status of prominent approved and unapproved peptides marketed direct to patients, including AOD-9604 (anti-obesity drug 9604), BPC-157 (body protection compound 157), CJC-1295, FS-344 (fol …

Authors
Mendias CL, Awan TM.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0
PubMed
41966639
Open original source
2022Animal research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c relieves hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus.

Here, we demonstrate that MOTS-c can be an effective treatment for GDM. A GDM mouse model was established by short term high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) treatment while MOTS-c was administrated daily during pregnancy. ...In add …

Authors
Yin Y, Pan Y, He J, Zhong H, Wu Y, Ji C, Liu L, Cui X.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105987
PubMed
34798268
Open original source
2021Animal research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mitochondrial-derived peptides and exercise.

Further research is required to define the effect of these variables on MDPs and to determine whether MDPs other than MOTS-c have exercise mimetic properties. MOTS-c treatment of young and aged mice improves exercise capacity/performance and leads to a …

Authors
Woodhead JST, Merry TL.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130011
PubMed
34520826
Open original source
2025Animal research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

MOTS-c attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via MYH9-Dependent nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes.

In rat LIRI models, endothelial cells exhibited the most significant MOTS-c upregulation, correlating with barrier preservation and reduced oxidative stress. ...Exogenous MOTS-c administration in rats attenuated lung injury by reducing oxidative damage …

Authors
Li X, Zhan F, Qiu G, Lu P, Shen Z, Qi Y, Wu M, Chu M, Feng J, Wen Z, Yao X, Wang A, Jin W, Zhang X, Liao J, Zhang J, Song M, Wang W, Wang X.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.redox.2025.103681
PubMed
40403491
Open original source
2018Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Exacerbate Senescence.

Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs), encoded by mitochondrial DNA, play a cytoprotective role by helping preserve mitochondrial function and cell viability under stressful conditions. Humanin and its homologs and MOTS-c are two of several MDPs hypothesized to have …

Authors
Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1089/rej.2018.2114
PubMed
30058454
Open original source
2024Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Novel function of MOTS-c in mitochondrial remodelling contributes to its antiviral role during HBV infection.

MOTS-c levels were measured by ELISA and its diagnostic value was evaluated by receiving operating characteristic curve analysis. ...The impact is dependent on MOTS-c's ability to regulate MYH9-actin-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis. CONCLUSION: M …

Authors
Lin C, Luo L, Xun Z, Zhu C, Huang Y, Ye Y, Zhang J, Chen T, Wu S, Zhan F, Yang B, Liu C, Ran N, Ou Q.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330389
PubMed
37788894
Open original source
2020Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mitochondrial-derived peptides in energy metabolism.

The 12S ribosomal RNA (MT-RNR1) gene harbors the sequence for MOTS-c, whereas the other seven MDPs [humanin and small humanin-like peptides (SHLP) 1-6] are encoded by the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. ...Consistent with this, treatment of rodents with humanin, MOTS …

Authors
Merry TL, Chan A, Woodhead JST, Reynolds JC, Kumagai H, Kim SJ, Lee C.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1152/ajpendo.00249.2020
PubMed
32776825
Open original source
2024Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mitochondrial-derived microprotein MOTS-c attenuates immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by suppressing lipid infiltration.

Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S ribosomal RNA type-c (MOTS-c), a mitochondrial microprotein, has been described as a novel regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism. ...MOTS-c treatment improves systemic inflammation and skeletal mus …

Authors
Kumagai H, Kim SJ, Miller B, Natsume T, Wan J, Kumagai ME, Ramirez R 2nd, Lee SH, Sato A, Mehta HH, Yen K, Cohen P.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1152/ajpendo.00285.2023
PubMed
38170165
Open original source
2024Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

MOTS-c modulates skeletal muscle function by directly binding and activating CK2.

MOTS-c is a mitochondrial microprotein that improves metabolism. Here, we demonstrate CK2 is a direct and functional target of MOTS-c. ...Notably, a naturally occurring MOTS-c variant, K14Q MOTS-c, has reduced binding to CK2 …

Authors
Kumagai H, Kim SJ, Miller B, Zempo H, Tanisawa K, Natsume T, Lee SH, Wan J, Leelaprachakul N, Kumagai ME, Ramirez R 2nd, Mehta HH, Cao K, Oh TJ, Wohlschlegel JA, Sha J, Nishida Y, Fuku N, Dobashi S, Miyamoto-Mikami E, Takaragawa M, Fuku M, Yoshihara T, Naito H, Kawakami R, Torii S, Midorikawa T, Oka K, Hara M, Iwasaka C, Yamada Y, Higaki Y, Tanaka K, Yen K, Cohen P.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.isci.2024.111212
PubMed
39559755
Open original source
2023Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders.

As a new member of the mitochondrial-derived peptide family, mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) is regarding a peptide hormone that could reduce insulin resistance, prevent obesi …

Authors
Gao Y, Wei X, Wei P, Lu H, Zhong L, Tan J, Liu H, Liu Z.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/metabo13010125
PubMed
36677050
Open original source
2018Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress.

Whereas the mitochondrial genome is regulated by factors encoded in the nucleus, the nuclear genome is currently not known to be actively controlled by factors encoded in the mitochondrial DNA. Here, we show that MOTS-c, a peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome …

Authors
Kim KH, Son JM, Benayoun BA, Lee C.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.008
PubMed
29983246
Open original source
2023Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c: Potential Therapeutic Candidate in Retinal Diseases.

Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is the most unearthed peptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It is an important regulator of the nuclear genome during times of stress because it promotes an adaptive stress response to m …

Authors
Mohtashami Z, Singh MK, Neto FT, Salimiaghdam N, Hasanpour H, Kenney MC.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/antiox12020518
PubMed
36830076
Open original source
2024Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Progression by Attenuating USP7-Mediated LARS1 Deubiquitination.

Although recent clinical studies have suggested a possible link between MOTS-c and human cancer, the role of MOTS-c in tumorigenesis has yet to be investigated. ...In conclusion, this study reveals a crucial role of MOTS-c in OC and provi …

Authors
Yin Y, Li Y, Ma B, Ren C, Zhao S, Li J, Gong Y, Yang H, Li J.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/advs.202405620
PubMed
39321430
Open original source
2015Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance.

Here we report a sORF within the mitochondrial 12S rRNA encoding a 16-amino-acid peptide named MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c) that regulates insulin sensitivity and metabolic …

Authors
Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin-Montalvo A, Wan J, Kim SJ, Mehta H, Hevener AL, de Cabo R, Cohen P.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009
PubMed
25738459
Open original source
2023Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Role of MOTS-c in the regulation of bone metabolism.

MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide (MDP), is an essential regulatory mediator of cell protection and energy metabolism and is involved in the development of specific diseases. ...Exercise effectively upregulates the expression of MOTS-c, but the s …

Authors
Yi X, Hu G, Yang Y, Li J, Jin J, Chang B.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3389/fphys.2023.1149120
PubMed
37200834
Open original source
2023Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation.

Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C (MOTS-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide composed of 16 amino acids encoded by the 12S rRNA region of the mitochondrial genome. ...Nevertheless, MOTS-c has been used less frequently in disease treatmen …

Authors
Zheng Y, Wei Z, Wang T.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3389/fendo.2023.1120533
PubMed
36761202
Open original source
2019Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mitochondrial peptides-appropriate options for therapeutic exploitation.

Here, the focus is on the following issues: (i) the biological effects of mitochondrial-derived peptides (humanin, humanin-like peptides and MOTS-c) and their use in therapy, (ii) the abnormal accumulation of beta-amyloid peptide within the mitochondrial matrix and …

Authors
Popov LD.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s00441-019-03049-z
PubMed
31131430
Open original source
2022Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 63/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
72/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Mitochondria-derived peptides in aging and healthspan.

Currently, eight MDPs have been published: humanin, MOTS-c, and SHLPs 1-6. This Review describes recent advances in microprotein discovery with a focus on MDPs. ...

Authors
Miller B, Kim SJ, Kumagai H, Yen K, Cohen P.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1172/JCI158449
PubMed
35499074
Open original source
2025Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

MOTS-c: Magical Molecule for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy?

This peer-reviewed source examines MOTS-c: Magical Molecule for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy?

Authors
Yerra VG, Connelly KA.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s10557-025-07689-y
PubMed
40172798
Open original source
2025Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Exercise-Induced Muscle-Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging.

Additionally, emerging exercise mimetics such as the mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c and myostatin inhibitors are highlighted for their roles in increasing muscle mass, the browning of white adipose tissue, and improving systemic metabolic function. ...

Authors
Tero-Vescan A, Degens H, Matsakas A, Ștefănescu R, Ősz BE, Slevin M.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3390/ph18081222
PubMed
40872612
Open original source
2019Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Encoded Regulator of the Nucleus.

On the contrary, no mitochondrial-encoded factors are known to actively regulate nuclear gene expression. MOTS-c (mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S ribosomal RNA type-c) is a recently identified peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA ge …

Authors
Benayoun BA, Lee C.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/bies.201900046
PubMed
31378979
Open original source
2022Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 63/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
72/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Exercise, Mitohormesis, and Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C (MOTS-c).

Among MDPs, mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c (MOTS-c) is the most associated with exercise. MOTS-c expression levels increase in skeletal muscles, systemic circulation, and the hypothalamus upon exercise. ...This review briefly summarize …

Authors
Yoon TK, Lee CH, Kwon O, Kim MS.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.4093/dmj.2022.0092
PubMed
35656563
Open original source

Scientific context

Chemistry and represented biological context

Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.

Open chemistry and biological context ↓
Chemical identity

Molecular and structural record

Structured record
Amino acid sequence
MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR

Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.

Explore further

Continue through the research system

Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.

Research discovery

Compare peptides

Examine represented peptide records side by side.

Evidence system

Explore how scientific evidence is represented and reviewed.

Research hub

Enter the broader research and intelligence environment.

Methodology

Review project methods, boundaries, and interpretation rules.

Research

How the scientific record is developing

Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.

Research chronology

  1. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance.

    peer_reviewed_research

  2. 2018 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Exacerbate Senescence.

    peer_reviewed_research

  3. 2018 · study · Temporal status not established

    The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress.

    peer_reviewed_research

  4. 2019 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mitochondrial peptides-appropriate options for therapeutic exploitation.

    peer_reviewed_research

  5. 2019 · study · Temporal status not established

    MOTS-c: A Mitochondrial-Encoded Regulator of the Nucleus.

    peer_reviewed_research

  6. 2020 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mitochondrial-derived peptides in energy metabolism.

    peer_reviewed_research

  7. 2021 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mitochondrial-derived peptides and exercise.

    peer_reviewed_research

  8. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Comparison of Serum Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) Levels in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls.

    peer_reviewed_research

  9. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c relieves hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus.

    peer_reviewed_research

  10. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mitochondria-derived peptides in aging and healthspan.

    peer_reviewed_research

  11. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Exercise, Mitohormesis, and Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA Type-C (MOTS-c).

    peer_reviewed_research

  12. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders.

    peer_reviewed_research

  13. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA Type-c: Potential Therapeutic Candidate in Retinal Diseases.

    peer_reviewed_research

  14. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    Role of MOTS-c in the regulation of bone metabolism.

    peer_reviewed_research

  15. 2023 · study · Temporal status not established

    MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation.

    peer_reviewed_research

  16. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    Novel function of MOTS-c in mitochondrial remodelling contributes to its antiviral role during HBV infection.

    peer_reviewed_research

  17. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mitochondrial-derived microprotein MOTS-c attenuates immobilization-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by suppressing lipid infiltration.

    peer_reviewed_research

  18. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    MOTS-c modulates skeletal muscle function by directly binding and activating CK2.

    peer_reviewed_research

  19. 2024 · study · Temporal status not established

    Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Progression by Attenuating USP7-Mediated LARS1 Deubiquitination.

    peer_reviewed_research

  20. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Serum Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) Dynamics as a Complementary Marker of Treatment Response in Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma: A Prospective Analysis.

    peer_reviewed_research

  21. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Circulating Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S Ribosomal RNA Type-c Is Higher in Acute Coronary Syndrome and Is a Prognostic Biomarker for Major Cardiac Events in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study.

    peer_reviewed_research

  22. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    MOTS-c attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via MYH9-Dependent nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes.

    peer_reviewed_research

  23. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    MOTS-c: Magical Molecule for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy?

    peer_reviewed_research

  24. 2025 · study · Temporal status not established

    Exercise-Induced Muscle-Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging.

    peer_reviewed_research

  25. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.

    peer_reviewed_research

  26. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    European Union (EMA)

  27. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    United States (FDA)

The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.

Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.

Researchers represented in the evidence record12 bibliographic identities · open to inspect

These are bibliographic author identities derived from represented records. Name strings are not proof of unique real-world researcher identity, and publishing organizations are not treated as institutional affiliations.

Lee C

5 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2022

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Kim SJ

5 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2020, 2022, 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Cohen P.

4 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2022, 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Kumagai H

4 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2020, 2022, 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Lee C.

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2018, 2019, 2020

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Avci E

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2022, 2025

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Benayoun BA

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2018, 2019

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Li J

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2023, 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Mehta H

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Merry TL

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2020, 2021

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Miller B

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2022, 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Wan J

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2015, 2024

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Connections

Follow the scientific relationships

Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.

Open 1 represented connection ↓

institution

peer_reviewed_research

represented evidence source

Traceability

Follow the record back to its source

The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.

Source publication state

A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.

Reviewer provenance state

“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.

Domain conclusion → Evidence

Connected

Evidence → Source

Connected

Source → Original record

Connected

Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.

Reconciled for 6 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.

Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the MOTS-c evidence-governance section.

Inspect the ranked source records

Observational archive

What contributors reported

Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.

Observational boundary

Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.

Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.

Regulatory context

Published jurisdictional records

Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.

Research + media

Media connected to this scientific record

Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.

No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.

Sources + provenance

Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact

The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.
Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.
Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.
Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.
Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.
Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.
Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.
Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.
A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.
Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.

Generated: 11/8/2026, 5:24:45 PM

global evidence atlas

MOTS-c research, ranked and separated by purpose

This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.

270Discoverable source universe
270Ranked screening records
6Research domains
0Accountably approved conclusions

270 matching records · ranked 2026-09-18

Page 1 of 11

Count reconciliation: 270 discoverable source records match the peptide identity query; 270 are retained in this bounded, ranked screening view; 0 belong to the separate governed layer labeled “Accountably approved conclusions.” Domain totals overlap because one publication may inform several questions.

governance and regulatory context

MOTS-c: what this atlas does and does not establish

Last checked
2026-09-18
Accountable publication approval
Not yet approved by a named accountable reviewer. Machine screening only.

No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction

Absence of a record in this pass is not proof that no authorization exists. Status must remain jurisdiction-, product-, formulation-, and date-specific.

  • European Union (EMA)not approvedchecked 2026-09-08

    No centrally authorized EMA medicine for the named compound was identified in the EMA medicines database as of 8 September 2026.

    European Medicines Agency medicines database
  • United States (FDA)not approvedchecked 2026-09-08

    No FDA-approved drug product or therapeutic indication for the named compound was identified in Drugs@FDA as of 8 September 2026.

    Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs

25 of 270 screening records carry a machine-proposed evidence-strength grade; the remainder are unassigned pending further review.

MOTS-c evidence · ranking key

How evidence is ranked

A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.

A

Practice-defining evidence

Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.

B

Strong supporting evidence

Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.

C

Contextual evidence

Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.

D

Signal-generating evidence

Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.

Tier and confidence answer different questions

Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.

Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.

Suggested citation

  • APA

    World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). MOTS-c — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 8, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/mots-c

  • AMA / Vancouver

    World Peptide Foundation. MOTS-c — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 8, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/mots-c