WORLD PEPTIDEFOUNDATION

Where is AOD-9604 being studied?

Find registered human studies, phases, products, recruitment status and reported research locations around the world. Registry search matches are separate from this profile’s reviewed evidence.

Find studies for AOD-9604 →Worldwide registry directory
Search this profile’s alternative names

Check the intervention identity in each registry record; aliases and combination products can produce broader matches.

Scientific intelligence record

Experience 2.0

Growth-hormone fragment analog

AOD-9604

Also known as: AOD9604, Anti-Obesity Drug 9604, hGH fragment 177-191 analog

AOD-9604 is a modified peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone and was developed to investigate lipolytic and anti-obesity effects while attempting to avoid the broader growth-promoting actions of full-length growth hormone.

Record status

Traceability partial

Last meaningful update: 9/8/2026

Evidence searched through:
Not recorded
Assessment updated:
9/8/2026
Documented human review:
No documented human review recorded
Automated scientific assessment:
9/8/2026
AI source check:
None recorded

Published source links and profile text pass separate gates. Only a documented human review is labelled as human review; an automated scientific assessment applies deterministic checks, and an AI source check confirms only that a source exists and matches its identifiers. A source count alone does not establish a review.

Evidence coverage has three distinct layers. The corpus count is a transparent screening inventory, the featured set contains study-level tiering and interpretation, and the published-source count contains records promoted through the institutional publication workflow. Source validation, editorial publication, and scientific appraisal are separate decisions; these numbers must not be merged.

Ranked research corpus

27

Categorized publications with provisional ranking; scientific review remains separate.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone publications with study-level interpretation, limitations, and tier disclosure.

Research domains

5

Clinical and scientific questions synthesized independently across the evidence atlas.

Published source records

25

Database records promoted through the governed publication workflow—not the corpus total.

Corpus generated 2026-09-18. Counts remain separately labeled so screening is not represented as completed review.

Human experience · separate evidence stream

No community pattern is displayed yet

Eligible observations remain below the privacy and reliability threshold. WPF will not convert a handful of reports into a percentage, trend, or clinical claim.

Observation is valuable human context. It is not evidence of causation, efficacy, or safety.

Public display gate

n ≥ 20 eligible observations

Exact progress remains private before the threshold.

Contribute an observationArchive details

Intelligence snapshot

The state of the record

A compact view of what is represented, what remains unresolved, and how completely the record can be traced.

Ranked research corpus

27

Categorized screening records; proposed rankings remain pending human appraisal.

Featured tiered studies

0

Cornerstone studies with published study-level interpretation and tier disclosure.

Research domains

5

Independent evidence dossiers covering the major research questions.

Published source records

25

Source records published through the governed workflow; this count does not certify scientific conclusions.

Contradictions

0

Conflicting evidence relationships that remain visible.

Research gaps

1

Questions the current record identifies as unresolved.

Connected media

0

Media records explicitly linked to this scientific record.

What we know

Evidence, claims, and boundaries

The project separates represented evidence from qualification, contradiction, uncertainty, and what the evidence does not establish.

Reconciled domain conclusions

5 published domain syntheses connected to 0 featured studies

AOD-9604 no longer relies on the legacy “no public claim” state. Each research domain publishes a bounded synthesis, confidence level, evidence context, limitations, geographic applicability, regulatory interpretation, and research gaps. Publication of these syntheses is separate from the scientific review status shown above.

Inspect the reconciled evidence atlas
Inspect the published evidence record25 governed records · titles, provenance, and original-source linksOpen records ↓
2005Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Gateways to clinical trials.

This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: ABX-IL-8, Acclaim, adalimumab, AGI-1067, alagebrium chloride, alemtuzumab, Alequel, Androgel, anti-IL-12 MAb, AOD-9604, aripiprazole, atomoxetine hydrochloride; Biphasic insulin aspart, bosentan, botulinum toxi …

Authors
Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
PubMed
15834452
Open original source
2026Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.

Our objective is to present the pharmacological mechanisms, safety profiles, and regulatory status of prominent approved and unapproved peptides marketed direct to patients, including AOD-9604 (anti-obesity drug 9604), BPC-157 (body protection compound 157), CJC-129 …

Authors
Mendias CL, Awan TM.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0
PubMed
41966639
Open original source
2004Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

AOD-9604 Metabolic.

Metabolic is developing AOD-9604 for the potential treatment of obesity. By February 2002, phase IIa trials were underway....

Authors
Wilding J.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
PubMed
15134286
Open original source
2006Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Potential role of new therapies in modifying cardiovascular risk in overweight patients with metabolic risk factors.

Drugs that improve adipose tissue function or fatty acid metabolism (e.g., AOD9604) also are in clinical trials. Some currently available medications may reduce metabolic complications without treating obesity per se (e.g., acipimox, pioglitazone). ...

Authors
Jensen MD.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/oby.2006.294
PubMed
16931496
Open original source
2003Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Gateways to clinical trials.

This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: Abetimus sodium, adefovir dipivoxil, AGI-1067, alefacept, alemtuzumab, ALVAC-p53, aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride, aminolevulinic acid methyl ester, Anti-CTLA-4 Mab, AOD-9604, apafant, aprinocarsen sodium, ar …

Authors
Bayés M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
PubMed
14571286
Open original source
2003Phase 1–2 human evidence
Evidence strength B · 74/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
68/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
78/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Gateways to clinical trials.

This issue focuses on the following selection of drugs: Abarelix, ABX-EGF, ademetionine, agomelatine, AMGN-0007, 9-aminocamptothecin, AN-9, anecortave acetate, anidulafungin, AOD-9604, apolizumab, apomate, L-arginine hydrochloride, arzoxifene hydrochloride; Bevacizu …

Authors
Bayes M, Rabasseda X, Prous JR.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
PubMed
14685303
Open original source
2014Case report
Evidence strength C · 62/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
34/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
58/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Identification and characterization of peptide drugs in unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by the Belgian authorities: case report on AOD9604.

This peer-reviewed source examines Identification and characterization of peptide drugs in unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by the Belgian authorities: case report on AOD9604.

Authors
Vanhee C, Moens G, Deconinck E, De Beer JO.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/dta.1687
PubMed
24976118
Open original source
2001Animal research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment.

OBJECTIVE: To observe the chronic effects of human growth hormone (hGH) and AOD9604 (a C-terminal fragment of hGH) on body weight, energy balance, and substrate oxidation rates in obese (ob/ob) and lean C57BL/6Jmice. ...CONCLUSIONS: Both hGH and its C-termina …

Authors
Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, Summers R, Conway-Campbell B, Waters MJ, Ng FM.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1038/sj.ijo.0801740
PubMed
11673763
Open original source
2000Animal research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone.

A synthetic analogue (AOD9604) of the lipolytic domain of human growth hormone (hGH) has been studied for its metabolic actions in obese Zucker rats. ...The adipose tissues of the AOD9604--treated animals were found to have an increase in lipolytic act …

Authors
Ng FM, Sun J, Sharma L, Libinaka R, Jiang WJ, Gianello R.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1159/000053183
PubMed
11146367
Open original source
2001Animal research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.

Both human GH (hGH) and a lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) synthesized from its C-terminus are capable of inducing weight loss and increasing lipolytic sensitivity following long-term treatment in mice. ...However, in an acute experiment, AOD9604 was capab …

Authors
Heffernan M, Summers RJ, Thorburn A, Ogru E, Gianello R, Jiang WJ, Ng FM.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1210/endo.142.12.8522
PubMed
11713213
Open original source
2015Animal research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
46/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
25/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model.

Weekly injections of 0.6 mL saline (Group 1), 6 mg HA (Group 2), 0.25 mg AOD9604 (Group 3), and 0.25 mg AOD9604 with 6 mg HA (Group 4) were administered for 4-7 weeks after the first intra-articular collagenase injection. ...The lameness period in Group 1 was signif …

Authors
Kwon DR, Park GY.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
PubMed
26275694
Open original source
2026Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Wound-healing peptides such as BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu promote angiogenesis, integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling, and fibroblast activation, whereas growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin, sermorelin, and AOD- …

Authors
Rahman OF, Lee SJ, Seeds WA.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00236
PubMed
41490200
Open original source
2026Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Rapid and harmonized analytical workflow for the determination of peptidic and non-peptidic doping agents in dried and liquid blood matrices.

Stability studies showed that all compounds were stable (variation lower than 15%) for at least two months at -20 C in all the blood matrices considered. At 4 and 22 C, alexamorelin, AOD9604, buserelin, hGH 176-191, kisspeptin-10 and LHRH were extensively degraded after …

Authors
Mazzarino M, Colpaert T, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1039/d6an00455e
PubMed
42328738
Open original source
2007Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 52/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
72/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

[Obesity: a review of currently used antiobesity drugs and new compounds in clinical development].

The new antiobesity drugs under clinical development include: 1) agents that affect neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, including noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitors (bupropion, radafaxine), selective 5HT2C receptor agonists (lorcaserin), and selective 5HT …

Authors
Zieba R.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
PubMed
17971763
Open original source
2014Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls.

Among these compounds, low- and high-molecular mass substances of peptidic (e.g. modified insulin-like growth factor-1, TB-500, hematide/peginesatide, growth hormone releasing peptides, AOD-9604, etc.) and non-peptidic (selective androgen recept …

Authors
Thevis M, Schänzer W.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020
PubMed
24906629
Open original source
2013Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

AOD-9604 does not influence the WADA hGH isoform immunoassay.

This peer-reviewed source examines AOD-9604 does not influence the WADA hGH isoform immunoassay.

Authors
Orlovius AK, Thomas A, Schänzer W, Thevis M.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/dta.1557
PubMed
24124033
Open original source
2026Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating GH-IGF1 axis: bridging the gap between clinical evidence and patient self-administration.

Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) marketed as "research compounds" include unregulated peptides intended to modulate the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) axis. The agents most commonly encountered in clinical practice and online self-ad …

Authors
Dominikowski A, Rękoś Z, Olejarz M, Szczepanek-Parulska E, Domin R, RuchaŁa M.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.3389/fendo.2026.1822475
PubMed
42395176
Open original source
2016Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry.

Several peptides <2 kDa with performance-enhancing properties are covered by the list of prohibited substances of the World Anti-Doping Agency including Desmopressin, LH-RH, Buserelin, Triptorelin, Leuprolide, GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-3, GHRP-4, GHRP-5,GHRP-6, Alexamorelin, Ipamor …

Authors
Thomas A, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thieme D, Dellanna F, Schänzer W, Thevis M.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/jssc.201501060
PubMed
26578461
Open original source
2014Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions.

These allow detecting the misuse of peptidic compounds of lower (such as growth hormone-releasing peptides, ARA-290, TB-500, AOD-9604, CJC-1295, desmopressin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormones, synacthen, etc.), intermediate (e.g., insulins …

Authors
Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1586/14789450.2014.965159
PubMed
25382550
Open original source
2012Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 63/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
72/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Current updates in the medical management of obesity.

In this review, we discuss the FDA approved anti-obesity drugs and recent patents which include phentermine/topiramate, pramlintide, lorcaserin, AOD9604, oleoyl-estrone, trk-beta antagonists and melanin concentrating hormone that can reduce adiposity at the molecula …

Authors
Khan A, Raza S, Khan Y, Aksoy T, Khan M, Weinberger Y, Goldman J.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.2174/187221412800604644
PubMed
22435392
Open original source
2015Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 58/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
18/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.

AOD9604 is a peptide consisting of the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone from amino acids 177-191 with an additional tyrosine residue at the N-terminus of the peptide. It is reported to mimic the lipolytic properties of growth hormone …

Authors
Cox HD, Smeal SJ, Hughes CM, Cox JE, Eichner D.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.1002/dta.1715
PubMed
25208511
Open original source
2022Laboratory research
Evidence strength C · 60/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
88/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176-191 Peptide Enhances the Toxicity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anticancer efficacy of Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with human growth hormone hGH fragment 176-191 peptide plus the clinical chemotherapeutic doxorubicin in comparison with Chitosan loaded with doxorubicin alone. METH …

Authors
Habibullah MM, Mohan S, Syed NK, Makeen HA, Jamal QMS, Alothaid H, Bantun F, Alhazmi A, Hakamy A, Kaabi YA, Samlan G, Lohani M, Thangavel N, Al-Kasim MA.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
DOI
10.2147/DDDT.S367586
PubMed
35783198
Open original source
2006Laboratory research
Evidence strength D · 49/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
78/100
Study design and bias control
42/100
Directness
45/100
Population relevance
30/100
Reporting quality
68/100
Replication
45/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Obesity drugs in clinical development.

These include: (i) centrally-acting drugs, such as the noradrenergic and dopaminergic reuptake inhibitor radafaxine, the endocannabinoid antagonist rimonabant, the selective serotonin 5-HT2c agonist APD-356, and oleoyl-estrone; (ii) drugs that target peripheral episodic satiety s …

Authors
Halford JC.
Source
peer_reviewed_research
PubMed
16625817
Open original source
2026Insufficient evidence
Evidence strength B+ · 82/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
96/100
Study design and bias control
78/100
Directness
82/100
Population relevance
65/100
Reporting quality
88/100
Replication
65/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

The World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List

Official international sport source used to classify growth-hormone fragments and related substances in anti-doping rules.

Authors
World Anti-Doping Agency
Source
peer_reviewed_research
Open original source
2026Insufficient evidence
Evidence strength B+ · 84/100 · ProvisionalHow this is rated

This score estimates how strongly this source can support scientific claims. It is not a prestige score, and the grade does not transfer automatically to every claim that cites the source.

Grade guide: A+/A is the strongest represented support; B+/B is substantial but qualified; C is limited, indirect, observational, or preclinical; D/E is weak, mechanistic-only, anecdotal, or insufficient.

Source authority
98/100
Study design and bias control
80/100
Directness
90/100
Population relevance
75/100
Reporting quality
88/100
Replication
65/100

Automated structured-metadata baseline; full-text risk-of-bias review may revise this rating.

Provisional ratings are automated baselines from structured metadata. They are not completed full-text risk-of-bias reviews and may change after editorial assessment.

Methodology: WPF-ESR-1.0

Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs database

Official FDA database used to verify whether an AOD-9604 drug product or indication has received FDA approval.

Authors
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Source
peer_reviewed_research
Open original source

Scientific context

Chemistry and represented biological context

Existing reviewed chemistry is preserved as scientific context. Chemistry and mechanism information do not establish clinical efficacy or safety.

Open chemistry and biological context ↓
Chemical identity

Molecular and structural record

Structured record
Amino acid sequence
YLRIVQCRSVEGSCGF

Chemical identity describes the recorded molecular information. It does not establish biological activity, clinical efficacy, safety, or therapeutic suitability.

Explore further

Continue through the research system

Move from this peptide record into the project's broader evidence, research, comparison, and methodology systems.

Research discovery

Compare peptides

Examine represented peptide records side by side.

Evidence system

Explore how scientific evidence is represented and reviewed.

Research hub

Enter the broader research and intelligence environment.

Methodology

Review project methods, boundaries, and interpretation rules.

Research

How the scientific record is developing

Chronology, unresolved research questions, opportunities, and researcher activity remain descriptive rather than evaluative.

Research chronology

  1. 2000 · study · Temporal status not established

    Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone.

    peer_reviewed_research

  2. 2001 · study · Temporal status not established

    Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment.

    peer_reviewed_research

  3. 2001 · study · Temporal status not established

    The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.

    peer_reviewed_research

  4. 2003 · study · Temporal status not established

    Gateways to clinical trials.

    peer_reviewed_research

  5. 2003 · study · Temporal status not established

    Gateways to clinical trials.

    peer_reviewed_research

  6. 2004 · study · Temporal status not established

    AOD-9604 Metabolic.

    peer_reviewed_research

  7. 2005 · study · Temporal status not established

    Gateways to clinical trials.

    peer_reviewed_research

  8. 2006 · study · Temporal status not established

    Potential role of new therapies in modifying cardiovascular risk in overweight patients with metabolic risk factors.

    peer_reviewed_research

  9. 2006 · study · Temporal status not established

    Obesity drugs in clinical development.

    peer_reviewed_research

  10. 2007 · study · Temporal status not established

    [Obesity: a review of currently used antiobesity drugs and new compounds in clinical development].

    peer_reviewed_research

  11. 2012 · study · Temporal status not established

    Current updates in the medical management of obesity.

    peer_reviewed_research

  12. 2013 · study · Temporal status not established

    AOD-9604 does not influence the WADA hGH isoform immunoassay.

    peer_reviewed_research

  13. 2014 · study · Temporal status not established

    Identification and characterization of peptide drugs in unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by the Belgian authorities: case report on AOD9604.

    peer_reviewed_research

  14. 2014 · study · Temporal status not established

    Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls.

    peer_reviewed_research

  15. 2014 · study · Temporal status not established

    Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions.

    peer_reviewed_research

  16. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model.

    peer_reviewed_research

  17. 2015 · study · Temporal status not established

    Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.

    peer_reviewed_research

  18. 2016 · study · Temporal status not established

    Simplifying and expanding the screening for peptides <2 kDa by direct urine injection, liquid chromatography, and ion mobility mass spectrometry.

    peer_reviewed_research

  19. 2022 · study · Temporal status not established

    Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176-191 Peptide Enhances the Toxicity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells.

    peer_reviewed_research

  20. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.

    peer_reviewed_research

  21. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.

    peer_reviewed_research

  22. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Rapid and harmonized analytical workflow for the determination of peptidic and non-peptidic doping agents in dried and liquid blood matrices.

    peer_reviewed_research

  23. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating GH-IGF1 axis: bridging the gap between clinical evidence and patient self-administration.

    peer_reviewed_research

  24. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    The World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List

    peer_reviewed_research

  25. 2026 · study · Temporal status not established

    Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs database

    peer_reviewed_research

  26. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    European Union (EMA)

  27. 2026 · regulatory · Temporal status not established

    Regulatory review: not_approved

    United States (FDA)

The represented chronology reflects records currently included in the governed dataset and does not claim to represent the entire scientific literature.

What still needs investigation

Claim traceability

No institutional claim record is currently represented for this peptide.

Evidence is missing or not represented as studied; this is not a conclusion that the intervention does not work.

Researchers represented in the evidence record12 bibliographic identities · open to inspect

These are bibliographic author identities derived from represented records. Name strings are not proof of unique real-world researcher identity, and publishing organizations are not treated as institutional affiliations.

Schänzer W

4 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2013, 2014, 2016

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Thevis M

4 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2013, 2014, 2016

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Thomas A

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2013, 2014, 2016

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Bayés M

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2003, 2005

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Gianello R

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2000, 2001

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Jiang WJ

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2000, 2001

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Ng FM

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2000, 2001

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Prous JR.

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2003, 2005

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Rabasseda X

3 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2003, 2005

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Thevis M.

2 represented evidence records

Years represented: 2013, 2016

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Aksoy T

1 represented evidence record

Years represented: 2012

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Al-Kasim MA.

1 represented evidence record

Years represented: 2022

Publishing organizations appearing in records: peer_reviewed_research

Connections

Follow the scientific relationships

Connections appear only when they are represented by the project’s underlying records.

Open 1 represented connection ↓

institution

peer_reviewed_research

represented evidence source

Traceability

Follow the record back to its source

The experience makes incomplete links visible instead of presenting a false impression of perfect provenance.

Source publication state

A governed source may be verified and approved for publication while its claim-to-evidence link is still incomplete.

Reviewer provenance state

“Human scientist reviewed: no” means that specific source-path attribution is not recorded. It does not silently negate the separate publication-review state.

Domain conclusion → Evidence

Connected

Evidence → Source

Connected

Source → Original record

Connected

Traceability documents how the project connects statements to records. It does not establish that a source is scientifically valid or that a claim is clinically true.

Reconciled for 5 domain conclusions and 0 featured studies.

Detailed study-to-domain mappings and original-source paths appear in the AOD-9604 evidence-governance section.

Inspect the ranked source records

Observational archive

What contributors reported

Observational archive data is intentionally separated from published scientific evidence.

Observational boundary

Insufficient eligible observations are available for display under the current filters.

Insufficient eligible observations are currently represented to display aggregated findings for this peptide.

Regulatory context

Published jurisdictional records

Regulatory status is jurisdiction-specific and time-dependent. It is presented as context, not as a recommendation for use or a substitute for scientific evidence evaluation.

Research + media

Media connected to this scientific record

Only media explicitly linked through the project’s relationship system appears here.

No scientifically connected media is currently represented for this peptide.

Sources + provenance

Read the scientific record with its boundaries intact

The public record organizes reviewed evidence; it does not establish scientific truth by itself.
Association, mechanism, observation and regulatory status must not be represented as proof of clinical efficacy or safety.
Observational reports describe contributor experiences and cannot establish causation, effectiveness, safety or clinical benefit.
Contradictory and qualifying evidence must remain visible rather than being silently discarded.
Absence of represented evidence is not evidence that research does not exist.
Research gaps identify unresolved questions; they are not negative conclusions.
Regulatory status is distinct from scientific evidence quality.
Media relationships provide context and explanation; they do not increase the strength of scientific evidence.
A section with no represented records is an incomplete project record, not a scientific conclusion.
Researcher and institutional relationships are shown only when supported by represented records and must not be interpreted as rankings or endorsements.

Generated: 11/8/2026, 5:24:48 PM

global evidence atlas

AOD-9604 research, ranked and separated by purpose

This is a deduplicated literature screening registry—not a claim that every mention directly proves efficacy or safety. Machine proposals remain visibly separate from governed human appraisal.

27Discoverable source universe
27Ranked screening records
5Research domains
0Accountably approved conclusions

27 matching records · ranked 2026-09-18

Page 1 of 2

#1Proposed tier Unassignedcontextual regulatoryAwaiting human appraisal

Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs database

WPF seed · 2026 · Source ID url:https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/

contextual-regulatory

#21Proposed tier Bhuman interventionalAwaiting human appraisal

Gateways to clinical trials.

WPF seed · 2005 · PMID 15834452

human-interventional

#22Proposed tier Bhuman interventionalAwaiting human appraisal

AOD-9604 Metabolic.

WPF seed · 2004 · PMID 15134286

human-interventional

#23Proposed tier Bhuman interventionalAwaiting human appraisal

Gateways to clinical trials.

WPF seed · 2003 · PMID 14571286

human-interventional

#24Proposed tier Bhuman interventionalAwaiting human appraisal

Gateways to clinical trials.

WPF seed · 2003 · PMID 14685303

human-interventional

Count reconciliation: 27 discoverable source records match the peptide identity query; 27 are retained in this bounded, ranked screening view; 0 belong to the separate governed layer labeled “Accountably approved conclusions.” Domain totals overlap because one publication may inform several questions.

governance and regulatory context

AOD-9604: what this atlas does and does not establish

Last checked
2026-09-18
Accountable publication approval
Not yet approved by a named accountable reviewer. Machine screening only.

No new outcome conclusion is inferred from discovery metadata. Named accountable approval is required for governed scientific conclusions.

Regulatory status by jurisdiction

Absence of a record in this pass is not proof that no authorization exists. Status must remain jurisdiction-, product-, formulation-, and date-specific.

  • European Union (EMA)not approvedchecked 2026-09-08

    No centrally authorized EMA medicine for the named compound was identified in the EMA medicines database as of 8 September 2026.

    European Medicines Agency medicines database
  • United States (FDA)not approvedchecked 2026-09-08

    No FDA-approved drug product or therapeutic indication for the named compound was identified in Drugs@FDA as of 8 September 2026.

    Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs

Known limitations of this pass

  • no patent candidate retained after literal filter

23 of 27 screening records carry a machine-proposed evidence-strength grade; the remainder are unassigned pending further review.

AOD-9604 evidence · ranking key

How evidence is ranked

A tier describes the evidentiary role and design strength of a source. It is not a popularity score, proof that every conclusion is correct, or a substitute for claim-level review.

A

Practice-defining evidence

Large, well-conducted randomized trials; prespecified major outcomes; rigorous systematic reviews or meta-analyses; and major regulatory assessments.

B

Strong supporting evidence

Smaller randomized trials, strong prospective cohorts, prespecified secondary analyses, and high-quality comparative-effectiveness studies.

C

Contextual evidence

Retrospective cohorts, claims-database studies, pharmacovigilance analyses, mechanistic human research, and well-documented case series.

D

Signal-generating evidence

Case reports, conference abstracts, preclinical research, hypothesis-generating analyses, and expert commentary.

Tier and confidence answer different questions

Tier classifies source design and evidentiary role. Confidence reflects risk of bias, sample size, comparator quality, outcome relevance, follow-up, missing data, directness, replication, reporting quality, and whether conclusions stay within the measured results.

Funding and conflicts are disclosed and considered, but sponsorship never automatically changes a tier. Corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern override the original rating.

peptide explorer

Structural visualization and provenance

Evidence-class labeling remains visible even when interactive rendering is unavailable. Representative geometry is not an experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation.

Fully specified molecular identity

Molecular formula
C78H123N23O23S2
Molecular weight
1815.1 g/mol
Exact identity / sequence notation
H-Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe-OH; Cys7–Cys14 disulfide
Identity-defining modifications
  • 16 residues: Tyr plus human growth-hormone residues 177–191
  • Cys7–Cys14 disulfide
  • Free C-terminal carboxyl
PubChem CID
71300630
InChIKey
Not applicable / not verified

Cyclic/disulfide identity is explicit; the schematic is not a determined fold.

Sources: NIH PubChem — AOD-9604 · reviewed 2026-09-17

Representative sequence-derived model
Structure source
Generated from this record's governed amino-acid sequence
Identifier
Not applicable — not a database structure
Method
Schematic layout ordered by residue position only; not a molecular-dynamics, homology, or fold prediction
Confidence / limitations
Illustrative only. Not physically accurate; carries no structural, binding-site, or activity meaning.
Provenance
WPF governed PeptideChemistry record
Retrieved / last reviewed
2026-09-17

This is a representative, sequence-derived model ordered by residue position only. It is not the peptide's experimentally determined or predicted biological conformation, and it carries no claim about real bond angles, distances, secondary structure, binding sites, or activity.

Suggested citation

  • APA

    World Peptide Foundation. (n.d.). AOD-9604 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation. (Updated September 8, 2026.) https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/aod-9604

  • AMA / Vancouver

    World Peptide Foundation. AOD-9604 — Peptide Scientific Intelligence. World Peptide Foundation website. Updated September 8, 2026. https://www.worldpeptidefoundation.org/directory/aod-9604